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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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functions of blood |
-transport of: gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, regulatory molecules -regulation of pH and osmosis -maintenance of body temperature -protection against foreign substances -clot formation |
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composition of blood |
45% formed elements: platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells 55% plasma: proteins, water, other solutes like waste, gases, etc |
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plasma |
-liquid part of blood -pale yellow (91% water + 9% other) -contains colloid |
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colloid |
liquid containing suspended substances (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) that don't settle out; in plasma |
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albumin |
important in regulation of water movement between tissues and blood (in colloid) |
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globulins |
immune system or transport molecules (in colloid) |
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fibrinogen |
responsible for formation of blood clots (in colloid) |
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formed elements |
-red blood cells (erythrocytes) -white blood cells (leukocytes): granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) -platelets (thrombocytes) |
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erythrocytes |
-red blood cells -avg 150,000-500,000 -transport oxygen from lungs to cells of body -transport CO2 from cells of body to lungs -aggregate at site of blood vessel damage to form soft platelet plug -secrete factors necessary for hemostasis -filled with hemoglobin (iron-containing protein; gives blood red; it binds oxygen) and lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase |
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neutrophils |
-leukocytes (WBC) granulocyte -50-70% -small phagocytic cells: engulf pathogens and cell debris in infected or injured tissue -secrete cytotoxic substances -destroy bacteria -leave bloodstream and enter the tissues -stain equally in acidic or basic dyes -multilobulated and connecting bands -- nucleus -not as prominent as eosinophils and basophils -present in bloodstream and tissues |
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eosinophils |
-leukocytes (WBC) granulocyte -2-3% -phagocytic cells: engulf pathogens and cell debris -secrete cytotoxic substances -reduce inflammation -increased number in allergies and parasitic infections -primary function to attack parasites too large to be engulfed by attaching to parasite and releasing toxic substances -stains red in acidic dyes |
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basophils |
-leukocytes (WBC) granulocyte <1% -release histamine and other chemicals which promote inflammation in damaged tissue -stain dark blue in basic stains -they are attracted to areas of tissue damage where they migrage out of bloodstream and enter damaged area |
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monocytes |
-leukocytes (WBC) agranulocytes -2-8% -leave the bloodstream and enter tissues as macrophages -phagocytic cells: engulf pathogens and cell debris -largest leukocyte -stain dark blue nucleus and lighter blue cytoplasm -kidney bean shaped nucleus and lots cytoplasm -newly formed monocytes migrate out bloodstream and enter tissues where they are known as macrophages (phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris; lots in digestive tract wall, alveoli of lung, spleen, liver, lymph nodes) |
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lymphocytes |
-leukocytes (WBC) agranulocytes -20-40% -become part of lymphatic system -some types produce antibodies for removal of viruses and foreign proteins -some types actively destroy pathogens and infected or damaged cells -smallest leukocyte -same stain as monocytes -large round nucleus, little cytoplasm -B lymphocytes mature into plasma cells (produce and secrete antibodies) -T lymphocytes (physically attack pathogens or body cells that are infected) -Natural Killer cells (kill virus infected cells) |
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platelets |
-not whole cells; small, irregularly shaped,cytoplasmic fragments of a large cell called megakaryocyte found in bone marrow -platelets initiate hemostasis (blood clotting process) -aka thrombycytes |
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leukocytes |
-WBC -defend body against foreign invaders and pathogens; removes diseased/damaged/worn-out body cells -granulocytes (BEN) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) -movements: ameboid, diapedesis, chemotaxis |
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hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis |
process of blood cell production |
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stem cells |
all formed elements derive from a single population |
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proerythroblasts |
develop into RBC |
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myeloblasts |
develop into basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils |
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lymphoblasts |
develop into lymphocytes |
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monoblasts |
develop into monocytes |
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megakaryoblasts |
develop into platelets |
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hemoglobin |
consists of: -4 globin molecules: transport CO2, nitric oxide -4 heme molecules: transport O2 (iron required for oxygen transport) |
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erythropoiesis |
-production of RBC -stem cells > proerythroblasts > early erythroblasts > intermediate > late > reticulocytes |
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erythropoietin |
hormone to stimulate erythropoiesis or RBC production |
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role of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells |
-macrophages are main phagocytes of body and -neutrophils are first responders and become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material -eosinophils weakly phagocytic but important in defending against parasitic worms -mast cells can bind with, ingest and kill wide range of bacteria |
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natural killer cells |
-can lyse and kill cancer cells and virally infected cells before the adaptive immune system has been activated |
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thrombocytes |
-cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow -important in preventing blood loss (platelet plugs, promoting formation and contraction of clots) |
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hemostasis |
-arrest of bleeding -events preventing excessive blood loss (vascular spasm-vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels; platelet plug formation; coagulation or blood clotting) |
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coagulation |
-Stages: activation of prothrombinase, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, conversion of fibrinogent to fibrin -Pathways: extrinsic, intrinsic |
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fibrinolysis |
clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin |
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blood grouping |
-determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBC -antibodies can bind RBC antigens resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs -Groups: ABO and Rh |
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Rh blood group |
-first studied in rhesus monkeys -types: Rh positive (have these antigens present on surface of RBC) and Rh negative (don't have these antigens present -hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN): mom produces anti Rh antibodies that cross placenta nd cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal RBC |
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diagnostic blood tests |
-type and crossmatch -complete blood count (red blood count; hemoglobin measurement; hematocrit measurement) -white blood count -differential white blood count -clotting |
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erythrocytosis |
RBC overabundance |
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anemia |
deficiency of hemoglobin -iron deficient -pernicous -hemmorrhagic -hemolytic -sickle cell |
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leukemia |
-cancer of blood-forming tissue in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue characterized by uncontrolled production of leukocytes -acute leukemia: rapid onset of symptoms and abnormal leukocytes primarily immature and non-functioning -chronic leukemia: gradual onset and fewer immature leukocytes; can be symptom free -2 most common tpes are myelogenous and lymphocytic leukemia |
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pluripotential |
cell has potential to differentiate into 2 or more types of cells -can differentiate into myeloid stem or lymphoid stem |
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hemophilia |
reduced ability of the blood to clot |
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thrombocytopenia |
deficiency of platelets in blood causing bleeding into tissues, bruising and slow blood clotting after injury |
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septicemia |
infection in blood or blood poisoning |
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malaria |
transmitted by parasites |
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infectious mononucleosis |
infection caused by EB virus -increased blood lymphocytes |
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hepatitis |
inflamation of liver |
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Hematocrit |
Ratio of volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood |
