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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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** Blood - matrix |
plasma (55%) |
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** Blood - cells |
formed elements (45%) RBC WBC Platelets |
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** Plasma ... ( parts + %) |
55% of blood volume: 92% Water 7% Plasma proteins 1% other solutes (enzymes, hormones) |
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** Plasma proteins.. (90% are made in the liver) |
60% Albumins 35% Globulins 4% Fribrinogen |
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** Albumins: produced in .. function is .. |
Liver -osmotic pressure of plasma -transport lipids, steroid hormones |
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** Globulins: produced in .. function is .. |
Liver, (except for immunoglobulins - B-Cells) -Transport ions, hormones, lipids (immune function) |
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** Fibrinogen: produced in .. function is .. |
Liver -clotting system -converted to insoluble fibrin - Plasma w/o fibrinogen = serum |
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** Formed elements and % |
99.9% RBC, (4-6 million/uL)
0.1% WBC (4,000 to 11,000/uL) + platelets (150,000k to 400,000k / uL) |
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** RBC, erythrocytes (4 facts) |
-biconcave disc, -large surface: gas exchange, stackable, flexible -no nucleus (anucleated), lack of organelles -typically degenerate in 120 days |
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** hematocrit |
volume of packed RBCs |
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** molecules of hemoglobin account for _____% of the proteins in RBCs |
95% |
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** how many heme molecules in a hemoglobin protein? |
4 one in each of 4 subunits |
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** The heme molecule allows the hemoglobin to do what? |
reversibly bind O2 |
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** when RBCs are recycled what is the heme converted to? |
bilirubin (the Fe is recycled to the bone marrow) |
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what is sickle cell |
disease where RBCs form into sickled RBCs cannot stack to move thru the capillaries cannot carry as much O2
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** Where are damaged or dead RBCs recycled |
by phagocytes in the -spleen -liver -bone marrow Heme is stripped of Fe --> bilirubin - bile - stool Fe back to bone marrow |
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* erythropoeisis -where -stimulated by (hormone) -when is nucleus ejected |
formation of new RBCs -red bone marrow -erythropoietin Hn of kidneys -> RBC prdctn -after day 4, transition from normoblast to reticulocyte |
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** antibodies in blood type with A-antigens |
anti-B antibodies |
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** antibodies in blood type with B-antigens |
anti-A antibodies |
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** antibodies in blood type with both AB-antigens |
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies |
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** antibodies in blood type O (neither A or B-antigens) |
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies |
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** When is blood type called "positive" |
when D-antigen is present (Rh factor) |
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hemolosys |
destruction of blood by antibodies |
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** WBC - leukocytes |
-have nuclei + other organelles -defend against pathogens -remove toxins + waste -capable of amoeboid movement -some do phagocytosis |
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** leukocytes |
Granular Neutrophils - 50-70% Eosinophils - 4% Basophils - 1% Agranular Lymphocytes - 20-30% Monocytes - 2-8% |
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MEN |
The phagocytic WBCs: Monocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils |
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neutrophils (3) |
- 50-70% - string bead nucleus - phagocytic cells |
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Eosinophils (5) |
- 4% - bilobed nucleus - stained red granules - phagocytic cells - allergies + parasitic infections (spiderman) |
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Basophils (5) |
- 1% - initiate inflammatory response - can't see nucleus - stained/dense cytoplasm - size of 2 RBCs (Habib) - releases: histamine - vasodilator heparin - anticoagulant |
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upon inflammation, Basophils, do what? (3) |
- migrate to inflammed tissue - histamine - vasodilator - heparin - anticoagulant |
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Monocytes (4) |
- 2-8% - phagocytic cells - kidney bean shaped nucleus - large - macrophages in the tissue |
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Lymphocytes (4) |
-20-30% -small cells - large nucleus -halo of cytoplasm -immunity: T-cells + B-cells (made in b.m.) |
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T-cells (3) |
-produced in bone marrow -released as immature cells -sent to Thymus to mature |
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B-cells (3) |
-produced in bone marrow -released as mature cells -B lymphocyte cells produce antibodies |
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leucopoiesis |
production of WBCs -produced and mature in bone marrow *except lymphocytes - they mature in the lymphatic system |
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platelets (3) |
-flattened discs - small fragments -circulate 9-12 - removed by phagocytosis -count is 150,000- 400,000 /uL |
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platelet functions (3) |
-transport chemicals for clotting -temporary patch in damaged blood vessels -contract when clot has formed |
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megakaryocytes (3) |
- very large, - the start of platelets - 1/3 stored in spleen |
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thrombocytopoiesis |
platelet production |
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hemostasis |
prevent blood loss through vessel walls |
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3 phases of hemostasis |
vascular phase platelet phase coagulation phase |
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hemostasis: vascular phase |
local vascular spasm - reduce blood loss (vessel constriction) |
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hemostasis: platelet phase |
activate platelets aggregate at the site, adhere to damaged surfaces |
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hemostasis coagulation phase |
factors released by platelets + endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot -extrinsic pathway -intrinsic pathway -common pathway suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers |
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clot retraction |
-final phase of healing -platelets contract and pull the edges of the vessel together |
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fibrinolysis |
clot dissolves (clotting can be prevented with drugs that depress the clotting response or dissolve existing clots: heparin, coumadin, aspirin) |
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if albumin is low then.. |
water goes into interstitial fluid - edema |
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immunoglobulins |
antibodies |
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anemia |
decrease in O2 carrying capacity of the blood -sickle cell -iron deficiency -low B12 -low folic acid |
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polycythemia |
elevated RBC count (high hemacrit value) -tumor in B.M -increase in EPO Hn in kidney -living at high altitude |
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leukopenia |
low WBC -side effect of antibiotics |
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leukocytosis |
high WBC -acute infection or inflammation |
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leukemia |
very high (millions) WBC -tumor in B.M. |
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Hematopoiesis |
Development of ALL cells in the blood (including RBC, and all WBC) |
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** Functions of blood |
-dissolved gases, nutrients, Hs, metabolic wst -pH and ion levels of interstitial fluids -fluid loss at injury -toxins and pathogens |
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** Blood viscosity |
5x more than water |
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** Temperature of blood |
38C or 100.4 F |
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** Rh factor |
if mother is Rh- & baby is Rh+ 1st delivery bl mixes mothers bl makes anti-D antibodies if 2nd baby is Rh+ , then hemolysis of fetal bl. |
