Ap World History Chapter 6

Front 1

What was Arabia like before the rise of Islam?

Back 1

A peripheral desert wasteland whose once great trading cities had fallen on hard times. The sparse population of the Arabian peninsula was divided into rival tribes and clans that worshiped local gods.

Front 2

Bedouin

Back 2

nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula, culture based on camel and goat nomadism, early converts to Islam

Front 3

Arabia social organization:

Back 3

clans

Front 4

Shaykhs

Back 4

leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society, usually men with larger herds, several wives, and many children.

Front 5

How was clan cohesion reinforced?

Back 5

by fierce interclan rivalries and struggles to control vital pasturelands and watering places

Front 6

Mecca

Back 6

city located in mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian peninsula, founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh, site of Ka'ba, original home of Muhammad, location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam

Front 7

Umayyad

Back 7

clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca, clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam

Front 8

Ka'ba

Back 8

most revered religious shrine in preIslamic Arabia, located in Mecca, focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes, later incorporated as important shrine in Islam

Front 9

Medina

Back 9

also known as Yathrib, town located northeast of Mecca, grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins, became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca

Front 10

Women in Arabia:

Back 10

key economic roles (milking camels, weaving cloth, and raising children), descent was traced through the mother

Front 11

What part of Arab culture was not highly developed and why?

Back 11

the material culture-because of the isolation of Arabia in the pre-Islamic age and the harshness and poverty of the natural environment

Front 12

What was the main focus of bedouin cultural creativity?

Back 12

poetry (which was communicated orally because there was no written language)

Front 13

Bedouin religion was ___

Back 13

a blend of animism and polytheism

Front 14

In the 7th century, what did the revelations of the prophet Muhammad provide the basis for?

Back 14

the emergence of a new religion-Islam_in the Arabian peninsula, though initially an Arab religion, in both beliefs and practices, Islam contained a powerful appeal that eventually made it one of the great world religions

Front 15

Muhammad

Back 15

prophet of Islam, received revelations from Allah

Front 16

Khadijah

Back 16

first wife of Muhammad, Muhammad earlier worked for her as a trader

Front 17

Qur'an

Back 17

recitations of revelations received by Muhammad, holy book of Islam

Front 18

Ali

Back 18

clansman of Muhammad who took the place and risked his life for Muhammad

Front 19

Who were the first followers of Islam?

Back 19

Arab town dwellers and beduoins

Front 20

Umma

Back 20

community of the faithful within Islam, transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity

Front 21

Zakat

Back 21

tax for charity, obligatory for all Muslims

Front 22

Five Pillars

Back 22

the obligatory religious duties of Muslims

Front 23

Why did people like Islam?

Back 23

-uncompromising monotheism

-highly developed legal codes

-egalitarianism

-strong sense of community

Front 24

Name the 5 Pillars:

Back 24

1) Shahada: proclaim monotheism and importance of Muhammad

2) Salat: pray 5 times a day facing Mecca, Friday noon is most important

3) Zakat: charity, expected to give to poor

4) Sawn: fast sunrise-->sunset during the month of Ramadan

5) Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca, should try to do once in lifetime

Front 25

Ramadan

Back 25

Islamic month of religious observation requiring fasting from dawn to sunset

Front 26

Hajj

Back 26

a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba

Front 27

Caliph

Back 27

the political and religious successor to Muhammad

Front 28

Abu Bakr

Back 28

caliph after Muhammad's death

Front 29

Ridda Wars

Back 29

wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632, resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans, restored the unity of Islam

Front 30

JIhad

Back 30

struggle, often used for wars in defense in the faith

Front 31

Copts and Nestorians

Back 31

areas dominated by Christian sects

Front 32

Uthman

Back 32

3rd caliph who was murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt-death caused conflict

Front 33

Battle of Siffin

Back 33

fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads, settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party

Front 34

Mu'awiya

Back 34

leader of Umayyad clan, first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali

Front 35

Karbala

Back 35

site of defeat and death of Husayn, Ali's son, marked the beginning of Si'a resistance to Umayyad caliph

Front 36

Damascus

Back 36

Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate

Front 37

Mawali

Back 37

non-Arab converts to Islam

Front 38

Jizya

Back 38

head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories

Front 39

Dhimmi

Back 39

"people of the book", applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus

Front 40

hadiths

Back 40

traditions of prophet Muhammad

Front 41

Abbasid

Back 41

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam, came to power in 750

Front 42

Battle of the River Zab

Back 42

victory of Abbasids over Umayyads, resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

Front 43

How did the Abbasids help Islam?

Back 43

they made it a universal religion that spread across of much of north Africa and Euro-Asia. with their capital at Baghdad, Islamic civilizations flourished even as the empire began to fragment into regional power centers

Front 44

Baghdad

Back 44

capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon

Front 45

Wazir

Back 45

chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate, initially recruited from Persian provinces of the empire

Front 46

What happened in the last decades of the Umayyad period?

Back 46

-growing acceptance of the Mawali/ nonbelievers as equals

-efforts to win new converts to the faith

Front 47

Dhows

Back 47

arab sailing vessels with triangular/lateen sails, strongly influences European ship design

Front 48

Ayan

Back 48

an Arab elite that was wealthy and deeply entrenched landed elite

Front 49

Islam father of faith:

Back 49

Abraham

Front 50

Muhammad facts

Back 50

-born in 570 AD in Mecca

-merchant

-prophet

Front 51

Who were the first leaders after Muhammad?

Back 51

were not related to Muhammad

Front 52

Ali, believe that caliphs should be descendants of Muhammad

Back 52

Shiites, Shi'a

Front 53

believed that any good Muslim can lead

Back 53

Sunnis

Front 54

place of worship

Back 54

Mosque

Front 55

Muslim Merchants:

Back 55

-worked with traders from other regions

-prime agents for transfer of crops, technology and ideas

Front 56

Who enforced the ideas of shayks?

Back 56

warriors

Front 57

Explain the conflict over pastureland/watering holes:

Back 57

-need to defend one's honor

-one man's sight could lead to huge conflict-->revenge

-constant conflicts led to weakened empire

Front 58

medina, unlike mecca, _______

Back 58

-run by five competing families

2 beduoin

2 jewish

--these divisions helped with the formation of islam

Front 59

MEn status in pre-islamic arabia

Back 59

-earn status in war

-creation of cities lead to male dominance

-men only polygamy

Front 60

Muhammad was born into the _____ clan

Back 60

Quraysh

Front 61

Why did Muhammad go to Medina?

Back 61

-perfect location: caught up in clan conflict

-invited to settle disputes

-wisdom as a political leader won him converts

Front 62

Umayyads initially raided for ___, but ___

Back 62

booty

raids showed signs of weakness of empires

Front 63

Motives for Arab conquest:

Back 63

-unity of faith gave them common cause

-pent-up energy from warrior people

-not driven to win converts

-booty

Front 64

Umayyad Fall/Decline:

Back 64

caliph's growing addiction to luxury and soft living

Front 65

Merv:

Back 65

where Umayyad revolution began

Front 66

Abbasids less tolerant of ___

Back 66

Shi'te sects

Front 67

Money reinvested in companies:

Back 67

-share given to charity

-created mosques, schools, baths

-best hospitals

Front 68

Slaves:

Back 68

do garbage jobs

-urban is better (work way to freedom)

-rural/mining (left to non-muslim captures)

Front 69

First priority:

Back 69

preserving classical texts of Greece, Mediterranean, Middle East