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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How are the "hints" on these flashcards viewed? |
By pressing the "h" key. It is recommended since quotes from the chapter are in it and may contain a bit more detailed information on that topic. |
Good Practice. Keep it up! |
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What made Francesco Petrarch's written work so unique? |
The self-pride that was contained in it. |
"There was a new spirit of individual pride expressed in this work, intended to be published, compared to the more humble and religious sentiments of the Middle Ages..." (page 407) |
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What did Petrarch and Boccaccio challenge during the Italian Renaissance? |
Medieval logic and theology |
"Writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio had promoted classical literary canons against medieval logic and theology...emphasizing secular subjects such as love and pride." (page 408) |
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What is humanism? |
A focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. |
"Overall, Italian Renaissance culture stressed themes of humanism: a focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor..." (page 408) |
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What changes did the Italian Renaissance make involving politics? Commerce? |
Politics: Basis of how to advance general well-being. Commerce: Became more profit-seeking. |
"Renaissance merchants improved their banking techniques and became more openly profit-seeking...city-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions. They justified their rule not on the basis of heredity or divine guidance bore more on the basis of what they could do to advance general well-being and their city's glory." (page 408) |
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What is the difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance? |
The Northern Renaissance had a bigger emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance. |
"Northern humanists were more religious than their Italian counterparts, trying to blend secular interests with continued Christian devotion." (page 408) |
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What were some continuities from medieval times that were kept in the Northern Renaissance? |
The people did not really notice the renaissance. Kings were still confined by landlords. Women still had limits. |
"Yet the impact of the Renaissance should not be overstated, particularly outside Italy. Renaissance kings were still confined by the political powers of feudal landlords. Ordinary people were little touched by Renaissance values; the life of most peasants and artisans went on much as before...even in the upper classes, women sometimes encountered new limits as Renaissance leaders touted men's public bravado over women's domestic roles." (page 408) |
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What caused literacy to gain ground? |
The invention of the movable type (printing press). |
"Printing was introduced in the 15th century when the German Johannes Gutenberg and other inventors introduced movable type, building on Chinese printing technology. Soon books were distributed in greater quantities in the West, which helped expand the audience for Renaissance writers and disseminated religious ideas. Literacy began to gain ground and became a fertile source of new kinds of thinking." (page 409) |
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What does a European-style family contain? |
Late marriage age and nuclear families. |
"A European-style family pattern came into being by the 15th century in the western part of the continent. This pattern involved a late marriage age and a primary emphasis on nuclear families of parents and children rather than the extended families characteristic of most agricultural civilizations." (page 409) |
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What were Luther's views called? |
Protestantism |
"The Lutheran version of Protestantism..." (page 409) |
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What was a main cause of people converting to Luther's ideas? |
Allowing earthly pursuits just as much as Catholic works. |
"Some townspeople were drawn to Luther's approval of work in the world. Because faith alone gained salvation, Lutheranism could sanction moneymaking and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism." (page 409) |
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What protestant church did Henry VIII established? |
The Anglican Church |
"In England, Henry VIII began to set up an Anglican church, initially to challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage, which had failed to produce a male heir." (page 409) |
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What church did Jean Calvin inspire? What did it stress the most? |
Calvinism. God's predestination. |
"Still more important were the churches inspired by Jean Calvin, a French theologian who established his base in the Swiss city of Geneva. Calvanism insisted on Fod's predestination, or prior determination, of those who would be saved." (page 409) |
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What did the Catholic church do in response to the Protestant Reformation? |
The Catholic Reformation. |
"The Catholic church did not sit still under Protestant attack. It could not restore religious unity, but it defended southern Europe, Austria, Poland, much of Hungary, and key parts of Germany for the Catholic faith. Under a Catholic Reformation, a major church council revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets such as the idea that priests had no special sacramental power and could marry." (page 410) |
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What caused the Religion Wars that tore up France? |
The Catholic and Protestant Reformations. |
"The Protestant and Catholic Reformations had several results in Europe during the late 16th century and early 17th centuries. Most obvious was an important series of bloody religious wars. France was a scene of bitter battles between Calvinist and Catholic forces." (page 410) |
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What effect did the Thirty Years War have on Germany? |
Reduced German power and prosperity. |
"The war was so devastating that it reduced German power and prosperity for a full century, cutting population by as much as 60 percent in some regions." (pages 410-411) |
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How did religious issues dominate European politics? |
Led to a grudging and limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism. |
"Religious issues thus dominated European politics for almost a century. The religious wars led to a grudging and limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism." (page 411) |
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What did the growth of literacy provide for the people? |
Opened them to additional new ideas and ways of thinking. |
"Growing literacy opened people to additional new ideas and ways of thinking." (page 412) |
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What forced prices up in Latin America? |
The massive import of gold and silver from Spain. |
"The massive import of gold and silver from Spain's new colonies in Latin America forced prices up." (page 413) |
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What did the inflation cause? How did they dominate trade? |
The creation of trading companies. Governments granted monopolies to the trading companies. |
"Inflation and the new colonial opportunities led to the formation of the great trading companies, often with government backing, in Spain, England, the Netherlands, and France. Governments granted regional monopolies to these giant concerns; thus, the Dutch East India Company long dominated trade with the islands of Indonesia." (page 413) |
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How did the increase in trade and the manufacturing stimulation affect the ordinary people? |
It made them more prosperous (owned more things). |
"Prosperity increased for many ordinary people as well as for the great merchants. One historian has estimated that by about 1600 the average Western peasant or artisan owned five times as many 'things' as his or her counterpart in southeastern Europe." (page 413) |
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What came from the growing commercialization? |
The proletariat |
"There were victims of change as well. Growing commercialization created the beginnings of a new proletariat in the West - people without access to wealth-producing property." (page 413) |
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What came from the growing poverty? |
Peasant rebellions |
"Peasants and townspeople alike rose for greater protection from poverty and loss of poverty...the popular rebellions of the 17th century revealed social tension and new ideas of equality." (page 413) |
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How did the witchcraft persecution gain much ground? |
The people resented the poor, unwilling to accept the responsibility of their poverty. |
"The witchcraft persecution reflected new resentments against the poor, who were often accused of witchcraft by communities unwilling to accept responsibility for their poverty." (page 414) |
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What major things changed in Europe during the reformations and the Renaissance? |
Became more commercial, roles of family shifted, and religion's influence and political power was challenged. |
"Still, there were some basic directions to change. Europe was becoming more commercial; even some of the implications of the Reformation pushed toward higher valuation of commercial success. The role of families was shifting. Religion remained strong, but its expressions and its political roles became more contested. All of this finally set the stage for further change." (page 414-415) |
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What was the key first step to the Scientific Revolution? |
Nicolaus Copernicus' discovery that the planets moved around the sun rather than the Earth. |
"A key first step here was the discovery by the Polish monk Nicolaus Copernicus, in the 16th century, that the planets moved around the sun rather than the earth, as the Greeks had thought." (page 415) |
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What did the key discoveries of Johannes Kepler do beside advance knowledge of the human body? |
It implied a new power for science in it's ability to test and overrule ideas. |
"These key discoveries not only advanced knowledge of the human body but also implied a new power for scientific research in its ability to test and often overrule accepted ideas." (page 415) |
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What caused Galileo to become an enemy of the Catholic church? |
His works in planetary motion and how he proved traditional universal ideas inadequate. |
"The Italian Galileo Galilei publicized Copernicus's discoveries while adding his own basic findings about the laws of gravity and planetary motion. Condemned by the Catholic Church for his innovations, Galileo proved the inadequacy of traditional ideas about the universe." (page 416) |
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What did William Harvey demonstrate? |
The circular movement of the blood in animals. |
"English physician William Harvey demonstrated the circular movement of the blood in animals, with the heart as the "central pumping station." (page 416) |
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What did Francis Bacon urge? |
The value of research and the advancement of science. |
"Francis Bacon urged the value of careful empirical research and predicted that scientific knowledge could advance steadily, producing improvements in technology as well." (page 416) |
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What did Rene Descartes establish? |
The importance of skepticism and developing natural laws through human reason. |
"Rene Descartes established the importance of a skeptical review of all received wisdom, arguing that human reason could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature." (page 416) |
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What work is considered the Capstone of the Scientific Revolution? |
Isaac Newton's Principa Mathematica |
"The capstone to the 17th-century Scientific Revolution came in 1687, when Isaac Newton published his Principia Mathematica. This work drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws." (page 416) |
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What was a new conception of God that came out during the Scientific Revolution? |
Deism |
"By the 1680s writers affected by the new science, although not themselves scientists, began to attack traditional religious ideas such as miracles, for in the universe of the Scientific Revolution there was no room for disruption of nature's laws. Some intellectuals held out a new conception of God, called Deism, arguing that although there might be a divinity, its role was simply to set natural laws in motion." (page 416) |
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What did John Locke argue? |
People could learn everything through reason, not faith. |
"In England, John Locke argued that most people could learn everything they needed to know through their sense and reason; faith was irrelevant." (page 416) |
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What rose due to the less focus on religious ideas? |
The power of the monarchs. |
"In most countries, after the passions of religious wars finally cooled, monarchs gained new powers, curtailing the tradition of noble pressure of revolt." (page 416) |
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What was the new model for the rise in monarch power? |
France |
"The model for this new pattern was France, now the West's largest and most powerful nation. French kings steadily built up their power in the 17th century." (page 416) |
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What was the French system known as? |
Absolute Monarchy |
"So great was the power of the monarch, in fact, that the French system became known as absolute monarchy. Its most glorious royal proponent, King Louis XIV, summed up its principles succinctly: 'I am the state.'" (page 418) |
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Where did the most important spread of absolute monarchy occur? |
Central European States |
"However, the most important spread of absolute monarchy occurred in the central European states that were gaining in importance." (page 419) |
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What was a key political goal in most absolute monarchs? |
A Strong Military |
"Most absolute monarchs saw a strong military as a key political goal, and many hoped for territorial expansion. Louis XIV used his strong state as the basis for a series of wars from the 1680s onward." (page 419) |
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What two colonial powers followed a parliamentary system? |
Britain and the Netherlands |
"Britain and the Netherlands, both growing commercial and colonial powers, stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century. They emphasized the role of teh central state, but they also built parliamentary regimes in which the kings shared power with representatives selected by the nobility and upper urban classes." (page 419) |
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What did the Glorious Revolution result in? |
The affirmation of parliament sovereignty over the king. |
"The English civil wars produced a final political settlement in 1688 and 1689 (the so-called Glorious Revolution) in which parliament won basic sovereignty over the king." (page 419) |
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What were the two forms of monarchy developed? |
Absolute Monarchy and Parliamentary Monarchy |
"Overall, western Europe developed important diversity in political forms, between absolute monarchy and a new kind of parliamentary monarchy." (page 419) |
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What belief caused the riots Louis XIV had to face? |
The government should provide for the people, or act for the people. |
"Not surprisingly, ordinary people in many nation-states, even though not directly represented in government, increasingly believed that government should act for their interests. Thus, Louis XIV faced recurrent popular riots based on the assumption that when bad harvests drove up food prices, the government was obligated to help people out." (page 419) |
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Which political system held more ground in the 18th century? |
Parliamentary Monarchy |
"During much of the 18th century, English politics settled into a parliamentary routine in which key political groups competed for influence without major policy differences. Absolute monarchy in France changed little institutionally, but it became less effective." (page 420) |
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What did Frederick the Great introduce? |
Freedom of religion |
"In Prussia, Frederick the Great, building on the military and bureaucratic organization of his predecessors, introduced greater freedom of religion while expanding the economic functions of the state." (page 420) |
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What two nation-states were involved in the Seven Years War? |
France and Britain |
"France and Britain squared off in the 1740s and again in the Seven Years War (1756-1763), their conflicts focused on battles for colonial empire." (page 420) |
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What movement came from the Scientific Revolution? |
The Enlightenment |
"In culture, the aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new movement known as the Enlightenment, centered particularly in France but with adherents throughout the Western world. Enlightenment thinkers continued to support scientific advance." (page 420) |
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What did the Enlightenment pioneer? |
The scientific study of society |
"The Enlightenment also pioneered in applying scientific methods to the study of human society, sketching the modern social sciences. The basic idea was that rational laws could describe social as well as physical behavior and that knowledge could be used to improve policy." (page 420) |
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What did Adam Smith argue? |
Government should avoid regulating economy in favor of market forces. |
"Adam Smith set forth a number of principles of economic behavior. He argued that people act according to their self-interest but, through competition, promote general economic advance. Government should avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces." (page 420) |
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What is Denis Diderot known for? |
Work on the first encyclopedia. |
"Denis Diderot (1713-1784) was a multifaceted leader of the French Enlightenment, best known for his editorial work on the Encyclopedie that compiled scientific and social scientific knowledge." (page 420) |
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What did the Enlightenment produce? |
A set of principles on human affairs. |
"More generally still, the Enlightenment produced a set of basic principles about human affairs. Human beings are good, at least improvable, and they can be educated to be better; reason is the key to truth, and religions that rely on blind faith or refuse to tolerate diversity are wrong." (page 421) |
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What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue? |
Political rights should extend to women. |
"A few feminist thinkers, such as Mary Wollstonecraft in England, argued - against the general male-centered views of most Enlightenment thinkers - that new political rights and freedoms should extend to women." (page 422) |
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What is mass consumerism? |
The spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services. |
"Commerce continued to spread. Ordinary Westerners began to buy processed products, such as refined sugar and coffee or tea obtained from Indonesia and the West Indies, for daily use. This was a sign of the growing importance of Europe's new colonies for ordinary life and of the beginnings of mass consumerism in Western society." (page 422) |
