Ap World History Chapter 10

Front 1

Middle Ages

Back 1

the period in western European history from the decline/fall of Rome until the 15th century

Front 2

Muslim writers views on Europeans:

Back 2

viewed them as tragically backward

(less advanced economy and manners less polished)

Front 3

What was hard hit by Roman collapse?

Back 3

postclassical Europe, through the Catholic Church advanced and a new empire briefly surfaced

Front 4

Vikings

Back 4

seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Denmark, Sweden, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of Western Europe

Front 5

Manorialism

Back 5

system the described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasants laborers during the Middle Ages, involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land

Front 6

serfs

Back 6

agricultural workers who received some protection

Front 7

moldboard

Back 7

a better plow (a curved iron plate) that allowed deeper turning of the soil

Front 8

three-field system

Back 8

system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in Western Europe, included 1/3 in spring grains, 1/3 fallow

Front 9

Clovis

Back 9

early Frankish king, converted Franks to Christianity, allowed establishment of Frankish Kingdom

Front 10

Benefits of Monasteries:

Back 10

-discipline the intense spirituality felt by some individual Christians

-promoted unity in western Europe

-served ordinary people as examples of holy life

-improve cultivation of the land

-provided education

-promoted literacy

Front 11

Carolingians

Back 11

royal house of Franks after 8th century

Front 12

Charles Martel

Back 12

Carolingian monarch of Franks, responsible for defeating Muslims in Battle of Tours in 732, ended Muslim threat to western Europe

Front 13

Charlemagne

Back 13

Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany

Front 14

Holy Roman Emperors

Back 14

emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire, claimed title of emperor in 10th century, failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany

Front 15

Vassals

Back 15

members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty

Front 16

Feudalism

Back 16

linking military elites, mostly landlords, who couldn't afford weapons for war with greater lords who provided protection and aid to vassals who then owed them military service, goods, or advice

Front 17

What did European feudalism inhibit?

Back 17

the development of strong central states, but it also gradually reduced purely local warfare and gave king more power

Front 18

Feudal monarchy in France vs England

Back 18

France: gradual

England: abrupt

Front 19

William the Conqueror

Back 19

invaded England from Normandy in 1066, extended tight feudal system to England, established administrative system based on sheriffs, established centralized monarchy

Front 20

Magna Carta

Back 20

Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215, confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims, represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal artisocracy

Front 21

parliaments

Back 21

bodies representing privileged groups, institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals--strongest in England

Front 22

three estates

Back 22

the 3 social groups considered most powerful in Western countries (church, nobles, urban leaders)

Front 23

Hundred Years War

Back 23

conflict between England and France from 1337-1453, fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights vs the emerging claims of national states

Front 24

Pope Urban II

Back 24

called First Crusade in 1095, appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims

Front 25

Gregory VII

Back 25

Pope during 11th century who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords, fought with Holy Roman emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture

Front 26

investiture

Back 26

practice of state appointment of bishops

Front 27

What did Christian culture dominate?

Back 27

European philosophies and art, but it generated both change and some conflict

Front 28

Peter Abelard

Back 28

author of "Yes and No"

applied logic to problems of theology, demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine

Front 29

Bernard of Clairvaux

Back 29

challenged Abelard, emphasized role of faith in preference to logic and mystical union with God

Front 30

Thomas Aquinas

Back 30

creator of one of the greatest syntheses of medieval learning, taught at University of Paris, believed that through reason you could learn about God and order, made Summas

Front 31

Scholasticism

Back 31

dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities based on use of logical to solve problems

Front 32

Gothic

Back 32

an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe

Front 33

What gained ground in Western Europe?

Back 33

merchant capitalism, but other economic values predominated

Front 34

Hanseatic League

Back 34

an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

Front 35

Guilds

Back 35

sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city, stressed security and mutual control, limited membership, regulated apprenticeship

Front 36

women:

Back 36

-vital economic roles

-Christianity

*equality

* female religious figures

Front 37

Shifting of key characteristic in Europe:

Back 37

-after 1300

-facing new problems of overpopulation and disease

Front 38

Black Death

Back 38

plague that struck Europe in 14th century, significantly reduced Europe's population, affected social structure

Front 39

Rome's death affected:

Back 39

-Italy fragmented

-commerce shrinking

-Spain (Muslim)

-Frequent invasions`

Front 40

Copied structure of Roman Empire

Back 40

-Pope : top authoritiy

-Regional bishops

-supervised local priests

Front 41

Charles the Great achievements

Back 41

-substantial empire in france and germany

-restored church-based education

-intellectual activity gradually restored

Front 42

Growth of towns:

Back 42

-literacy spread

-professional entertainers

-monastic schools/hospitals

-merchant activity/craft production

Front 43

Explain Pope Gregory VII

Back 43

-insisted on holy character of priesthood

-priests stay unmarried

-free church from state control

Front 44

West became a commercial zone:

Back 44

-italian merchants wanted cloth from north

-northern cities became centers for western exchange/markets

Front 45

Urban growth:

Back 45

-specialized manufacturing

-increased commercial activites

-greater trade

-banking introduced

Front 46

Futility of military methods

Back 46

-paid armies better than knights

-ordinary archer better/cheaper

-castles ridiculous to gunpowder

Front 47

agriculture can't keep up with population growth

Back 47

-land used up

-no new technology

-led to several families

Front 48

Signs of strain:

Back 48

-land owning aristocracy fading

-church losing power

-breakdown of intellectual/aristic/synthesis