Ap World Chapter 6

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Bedouin

Back 1

nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam

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Shaykhs

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Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children

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Mecca

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city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam

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Umayyad

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clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750

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Quraysh

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Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century

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Ka'ba

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most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later important shrine of Islam

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Medina

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Also Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhhamad

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Muhammad

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Prophet of Islam (born 570) clan of Quraysh; received revelations from Allan in 610 CE; died in 632

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Khadijah

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First wife of the prophet Muhammad who had worked for her as a traitor

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Qur'an

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recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam

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Ali

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cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a

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Unma

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community of faithful within Islam transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity

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Zakat

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Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims

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Five Pillars

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the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting, Zakat, and Hajj

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Ramadan

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Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset

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Hajj

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A muslim's pilgrimage to Mecca; to worship Allah at the Ka'ba

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Abu Bakr

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Muhammad's friend and follower; caliph from 632-634

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Ridda Wars

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wars following Muhammad's death, resulted in defat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam

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Jihads

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struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith

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Copts

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Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule

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Nestorians

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Christian sect of Asia, tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine Empire, cut off from Europe by Muslim invaders

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Uthman

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third caliph and member of Umayyad clan. murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt. death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan

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Battle of Sithin

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Fought between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party

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Mu'awiya

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Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali

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Sunnis

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political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads

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Shi'a

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Shi'ites'\; political and theological division within Islam. followers of Ali

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Karbala

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Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali, marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate

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Damascus

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Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate

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Jizya

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Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories

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Dhimmi

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people of the book applied as inclusive terms to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrianism and Hindus

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hadith

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tradition of prophet Muhammad

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Abbasta

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dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as Caliphs within Islam; come to power in 750 CE

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Battle of River Zab

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victory of Abbasias over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

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Baghdad

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Capital of Abbasta dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon

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Wazir

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Chief admin. official under Abbasid caliphate initially recruited from Persian Provinces of empire

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Dhows

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Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails strongly influences European ship design

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Ayans

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in the countryside; a wealthy and deeply entrenched landed elite; early decades of Abbasid rule