Ap Us History Study Guide Material

Front 1

Enclosure Movement

Back 1

Est. 1603. English laws to limit the sizes of farming land. Caused food shortages and dislocation of farmers. Encouraged many to leave for America in hopes of a better life (land/wealth, family).

Front 2

Joint-stock companies

Back 2

Early corporations to fund expensive expeditions to the Americas. Limited liability by drawing on many investors for funding.

Front 3

St. Lawrence River

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Samuel de Champlain formed French settlement; main exporter of furs. Site of many French settlements. Captured by British after French Indian War.

Front 4

Coureurs de bois

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French fur traders acting without license. Many married into Indian tribes.

Front 5

Patroonships

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Dutch feudal estates established in New Netherlands. Owned by a patron, who leased land to others. Ultimately failed from poor planning and Native raids. Became part of New York’s society

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Hudson River

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Area of early Dutch settlements (Henry Hudson).

Front 7

Slavery

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Importation to North America begins with tobacco farming. Higher amount of Africans than Europeans in southern colonies.

Front 8

Mayflower Compact

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Made by pilgrims to form a new civil government at Plymouth and declared their “allegiance” to the king.

Front 9

House of Burgesses

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Legislature in colonial Virginia. Gave rise to important ideas: decried Stamp Act and all taxation not set by the House, initiated the first Continental Congress.

Front 10

Charter of Liberties

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Pennsylvania’s constitution. Made concessions of power from the proprietor, William Penn, to the citizens

Front 11

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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Created by Thomas Hooker, gave more men the right to vote and hold office than the Massachusetts Bay constitution.

Front 12

Glorious Revolution effects

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Reinstatement of separate colonial governments, Massachusetts and Plymouth merged to become a royal colony. Colonists recognized as having some rights. Uprisings over local affairs. Made colonists more part of the imperial system which they were trying to fight.

Front 13

Caribbean colonies

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Booming sugar economy, heavy use of slave workers with harsh control. Society of young white men interested in getting rich quick. Provided a market for mainland goods, slaves for the mainland, and a model for future mainland plantations.

Front 14

Mercantilism

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that a nation’s strength is derived from exports over imports. Demanded gold and silver reserves and justified exploitation of colonies for materials

Front 15

Navigation Acts

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English laws that restricted colonial trade: trade only with English ships and export certain items only to England; all good needs to pass through England before going to other markets; custom officials stationed in America to enforce. Helped to create American shipbuilding industry, English government helped some colonial industries (iron, silk, lumber). Restrictions largely ignored by colonial merchants.

Front 16

Enumerated articles

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Part of the Navigation Acts. Prevented certain items, like tobacco, from being traded outside of the British Empire.

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Cotton

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Restrictions on using cotton to create cloth in the colonies to protect the British cloth companies. However, cotton was grown in Virginia as early as 1607

Front 18

London Company

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Initiated the settling of Jamestown in Virginia, which began the settling of the Chesapeake by the English.

Front 19

Virginia Company

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Renamed London Company.

Front 20

Roanoke

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Island near Virginia, “settled” by Sir Walter Raleigh. The “Lost Colony,” marked end of Raleigh’s involvement in colonization.

Front 21

Jamestown

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Early Chesapeake settlement in Virginia, 1607. Marked by constant starvation, humid swampy conditions with malaria epidemics. Full of adventurous gentlemen instead of laborers; lack of women or families, unstable society.

Front 22

James River

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Jamestown formed on its banks.

Front 23

Starving Time

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winter of 1609-10 at Jamestown. Livestock killed by natives, and colonists forced to eat small animals or even each other. Survivors abandoned the colony with new arrivals, only to return when they encountered an English ship with supplies and a new governor, Lord De La Warr.

Front 24

Powhattan

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Indian tribe near Jamestown. Antagonized by Europeans, Pocahontas captured from them.

Front 25

Headright system

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50 acre land grants for families, which encouraged family immigration. First established by the Virginia Company.

Front 26

Chesapeake colonies

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Virginia (Jamestown) [corporate], Maryland [proprietary]. Tobacco farming; indentured servitude, later replaced by slavery; full of “adventurous gentlemen,” growth of families with headright system.

Front 27

John Rolfe

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Jamestown planter who experimented with high quality tobacco, and helped to make it Virginia’s staple crop. Married Pocahontas, which brought some peace between Powhattan and settlers.

Front 28

Tobacco

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Staple crop of Virginia and the Chesapeake. Increased need for territorial expansion, caused movement toward slave workforce.

Front 29

Indentured servitude

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~7 years of work in exchange for passage to the colonies. Treated as poorly as slaves were later on. Created large amount of “poor whites” in the colonies who held no jobs or property and were prone to starting riots. Their unfavorable reputation helped movement toward slaves as alternatives.

Front 30

Bacon’s Rebellion

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“Backcountry” uprising against older tidewater settlements over difference in how to deal with the natives. Showed unwillingness of settlers and natives to cooperate, the competition with east and west landowners, and the instability of having a large amount of free landless men.

Front 31

Pilgrims

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Puritans who left England for America to escape religious persecution. Mayflower. Basis of Plymouth population.

Front 32

Great Migration

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Mass movement of Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630-1642. Ended when civil war with Stuart kings in England began.

Front 33

“City Upon a Hill”

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Written by John Winthrop. States that if the colony at Massachusetts fails, all of New England and future colonization will fail.

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John Winthrop

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of Massachusetts; deeply religious and forceful.

Front 35

Freemen

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Idea officially started in Mass Bay after the definition of freemen was changed from the eight stockholders to all male citizens (p.53)

Front 36

Congregational Church

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Church ministers are chosen locally instead of being assigned by a remote institution. Democracy in church.