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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Europe in 1500's
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renaissance, reformation, growth of middle class, rise of nation state
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big explorer countries
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Portugal, Spain, France
later, England |
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Portugal, Spain, France exploration
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founded by king
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England exploration
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created by companies (charter colonies) or individuals (proprietary colonies)
by 1776, most were royal (under direct rule of king) |
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Chesapeake colonies
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Virginia (Jamestown)
and Maryland |
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Chesapeake characteristics
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disease, swamps, tobacco cash crop, few woman, no extended families, short lifespan
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Chesapeake labor
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indentured servants (encouraged growth of plantations---headright system---person who brought over got 50 acres of land)
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Restoration Colonies
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the Carolinas (SOUTH) --- land grant to 8 noble lords who supported Charles II, VERY arisocratic, based on slavery, sugar, rice, indigo
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relationship between Carolinas and Barbados
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English settlers from Barabados moved to Carolinas, brought the Barbadian Slave Code in 1670 that inspired newer slave laws. carolinas sent Indians to work at sugar mills in Barbados and provided barbadians with foodstuffs and other goods.
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Squatter colony
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North Carolina--established by landless poor from Virginia--most independent minded
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Buffer/humanitarian colony
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Georgia--James Oglethorpe
later develops into more aristocratic, debtors haven, religious freedom except for Catholics |
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SOUTH timeline=
1607 1619 1634 1649 1660 1733 |
-Jamestown
-House of Burgesses, women/slaves -Maryland -Act of Religious Toleration (MD), North Carolina -South Carolina -Georgia |
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Bacon's Rebellion
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1676, freemen were not able to acquire land; Berkeley was friendly towards Indians when they attacked a freemen settlement---freedman attacked! = more slave labor
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South general characteristics
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Church of England, agrarian, aristocratic/feudal, tolerant (not to Catholics), diverse (English, Scot-Irish, African, French Huguenots)
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Southern Colonies
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N/S Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Maryland
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New England timeline=
1620 1630 1640 1662 1730 |
-Pilgrims/Mayflower Compact
-Bible Commonwealth/Puritans -Rhode Island, CT (fundamental orders), Harvard -Halfway Covenant -Great Awakening |
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Halfway Covenant
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people were allowed to be baptized but not fully converted into members of church, erased distinction btwn elect and others; women=more part in congregations; more people to vote
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NE families
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more women, extended families, close knit, grandparents
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NE characteristics
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religion= center of life, little toleration (except Rhode Island), bad soil leads to shipbuilding, manufacturing, trading, public education (tax supported)
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Puritan Work Ethic
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work+thrift+virtue=SUCCESS:)
be moral, honest, responsible, do job well = serving God work becomes worship |
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Democratic Institutions in Colonies
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after many generations, religious emphasis lessens
town meeting (House of Burgesses), tax supported education, rugged individualism, written constitutions (Fundamental Orders/Mayflower Compact) |
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Rhode Island
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most liberal, Roger Williams, universal manhood suffrage, religious freedom for ALL, separation of church and state
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New England Colonies
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New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut---
MOST english! |
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Middle Colonies Timeline-
1624 1664 1681 |
New York (New Amsterdam)
Delaware/New Jersey Pennsylvania |
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Middle Colonies Characteristics
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mixture of lifestyles/religions, trading centers (NY, Philly), breadbasket, Penn-humanitarian (BEN FRANKLIN = great compromiser, diverse interest, democratic)
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Great Awakening
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100 years after Puritans= less intellectual, more emotional!
george whitefield, johnathan edwards tolerance, spread of education, missionaries, seed of dissent, unites colonies |
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Triangular Trade
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NE to Africa to West Indies
Rum to Slaves to Molasses violated mercantilism (b/c trade with other countries), no taxes |
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Peter Zenger trial
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precedent for freedom of press
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French and Indian War
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-1754
-Britain v. France -americans gain confidence, disdain of British army, lack of mutual respect -costly war, Brits expect colonists to help pay, but they don't want to |
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Albany Congress
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Ben Franklin= "join or die"
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Proclamation of 1763
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to keep colonists from moving into Ohio Valley/ W of Appalachians (to avoid war with Indians)
alienated colonists from Brits...they ignore it! |
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writ of assistance, admiralty courts
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-1764
-colonists were smuggling -British could invade houses, take smugglers back to harsh trial |
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Stamp Act
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-1765
-extra direct tax on paper goods |
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Stamp Act Congress
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asked Brits to repeal legislation
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Sons of Liberty
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nonimportation agreements
tarred and feathered people |
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Committees of Correspondence
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spread spirit of resistance to keep live opposition
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boycott
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got Stamp Act repealed
"no taxation without representation" didn't actually want representation, because would be outvoted |
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Declaratory Act
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reaffirmed Brit's right to tax whenever necessary (have absolute sovereignty)
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virtual representation
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British response to colonists request
-every member of british parliament represented ALL British subjects |
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Townshend Acts
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-1767
-external/indirect tax on imports (tea) -ended "power of the purse" -boycotted and repealed |
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Boston Massacre
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-1770
-used as great propagande by us |
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Tea Act, Boston Tea Party
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-1773
-we don't like being taxed... DUMPED IN THE HARBOR! :D (sons of liberty) |
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Intolerable Acts, Quebec Act, First Continental Congress
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-ALL 1774
-response to Boston Tea Party, closed down Boston Harbor and town meetings -extended Quebec, allowed French to keep Catholicism and customs (to limit French expansion) -complete boycott, only wanted to repeal legislation NOT rebel |
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Lexington and Concord
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-1775
-"shot heard around the world" |
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Second Continental Congress
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-1775
-appointed George Washington as commander in chief! -wrote Articles of Confederation (wasn't ratified uuntil 1781 b/c states with no western lands refused until states WITH western lands forfeited them to central government) |
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Battle of Ticonderoga
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-1775
-secures cannons -take back Boston |
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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-1775
-first real battle -Brits were decimated after launching full frontal attack |
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Invasion of Canada
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-1775
-they might want to revolt |
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Hessians
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German mercenaries hired by British
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Common Sense
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-Thomas Paine in 1776
-reasons why we should leave Britain |
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Declaration of Independence
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-1776
-Thomas Jefferson -influenced by John Locke |
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Battle of Saratoga
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-1778
-turning point= French foreign aid :D |
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Franco-American Alliance
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-1778
-french wanted revenge against british -would come back to haunt us later |
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Battle at Yorktown
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-1781
-defeated british (Cornwallis) -French blockade by sea, Americans on foot |
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Treaty of Paris of 1783
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-recognize independence
-given everything to MS River, except Florida |
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Causes of American Revolution
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enlightenment (reason and intellectual), Americanization (dissent by nature, independent spirit), rights of Englishmen (limited power of King), new imperial policy (GB wanted us to help pay for our future protection)
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During Articles of Confederation era, the central government had .............. power and the states had ............ power
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limited
strong! (3 branches, separation of church and state, some outlawed slavery, some made peace treaty with England, own tariffs, own currency) |
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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surveyed land, made boundaries, set aside section for school
used $ to pay off national debt |
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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set up how territory could become a state
NO slavery! |
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weaknesses of Articles of Confederation
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-can't regulate trade
-no sole power to coin money -no mercantilism to help economy |
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Shay's Rebellion
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-1787
-poor farmers losing land b/c of debts and foreclosures---wanted change! -showed weaknesses of Articles of Confed. |
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Constitutional Convention of 1787
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-first tried to fix Articles of Confed.
then TRASHED it! and started over |
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Great Compromise
(virginia plan v. new jersey plan) |
virginia plan= bicameral legislature (2 houses), rep. based on pop
NJ plan= unicameral legislation (1 house), rep. equal for each state COMPROMISE! :D -bicameral -House= by pop. -Senate= equal |
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House v. Senate
exclusive powers |
House=
-choose president -tariffs -impeach Senate= choose VP, approve treaties and presidential appointments with 2/3 vote, jury for impeachment trial |
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3/5 compromise
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slaves= 3/5 of a person in House representation
(after Civil War, South would have more representatives= fear of radical repubs) |
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Trade Compromise
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no taxes on exports
no slave trade after 20 years no tax >$10 on slaves |
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Important parts on Constitution
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- federalism (states and nation share power)
- fed.govt regulates interstate trade/sole power to coin money -"elastic clause"= congress can do anything necessary and proper to carry out powers; keeps constitution modern, leads to political parties -electoral college chooses president |
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last 4 states to ratify constitution
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New York, Rhode Island, North Carolina, Virginia
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Federalists v. Antifederalists
***FACTIONS, not parties!*** |
-on the coast, conservative, trade centers, wrote Fed. Papers (Madison, Jay, Hamilton), supported Constitution
-interior, yeoman farmers, debtors, states rights, rugged individualists, opposed Constitution (wanted Bill of Rights) |
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Washington established precendents:
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-2 terms
-Cabinet: Secretary of State (Jefferson), Treasury (Hamilton), War (Knox) |
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problems with "new nation"
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-IOU's
-worthless Continental currency -lack of support for new govt. within nation -lack of respect internationally -lack of confidence by wealthy in nation |
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Hamilton's financial plan
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1. fed. gov. would pay off debts at face value+interest
2. assume state debts (to strengthen nation's credit and bind states to nation) 3. tariff on imports/excise (internal) tax on whiskey (for revenue) 4. BUS--govt. stimulates business, circulated money (Hamilton used elastic clause to justify) |
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political parties of "new nation"
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-started because of creation of BUS
-Federalists- Hamilton, Washignton, Adams, big business, to whigs to repubs. -Dem/Reps- help common man, France, Jefferson, Madison, to democrats today |
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economy/foreign problems with "new nation"
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-mercantilism is ended= US trade problems with GB (seized our ships and impressment)
-GB has forts+supplying Indians on frontier - |
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Jay's Treaty
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-Britain leaves forts
-Britain pays for damages from seizures of ships -US pays back pre-revolutionary debts to GB merchants= hurt South -Dem/Reps criticized because didn't get any benefits (Hamilton tipped off British to prevent conflict) -postpones war for 20 years! |
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Pinckney Treaty
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Spain thought US signed secret treaty with GB---
gave US use of Mississippi River and New Orleans |
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Washington's Farewell Address
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warns against entangling alliances and political parties
ISOLATIONISM |
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election of 1796
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Adams= federalist, prez.
Jefferson= dem/rep, VP |
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XYZ Affair
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-John Marshall+2 sent to meet Talleyrand (french prime minister), but were instead met by "X,Y,Z" who asked for bribes, so they all left!
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undeclared naval war (1797-1801)
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France saw Jay's treaty as violation of F-A Alliance, so they seized defenseless US merchant vessels
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Convention of 1800
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US and France (Talleyrand represents Napoleon), ends F-A alliance
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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-designed to hurt Jeffersonians
-limits on immigration, freedom of speech/press |
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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-response to Alien and Sedition Acts
-state has right to nullify federal laws (John Locke's compact thoery) |
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Election of 1800
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"revolution of 1800"
switch of political parties with no conflict |
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Jefferson's principles
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strict contruction, conservative, pacifist, states rights, frugal
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Louisiana Purchase
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1803
-NO to his principles, but he put country first |
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Mosquito Fleet
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-NO, wanted to protect American coasts, but was a pacifist
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War with Barbary Pirates
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-NO, pacifist, but it's cheaper than paying off bribes to pirates
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Impeachment of Samuel Chase
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-NO, Sam Chase deserved freedom of speech, Jefferson denied it b/c wanted to get Feds out of power
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Jefferson reduced national debt
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--YES, Jefferson = frugal, wanted to pay off debt (unlike Hamilton)
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Jefferson keeps BUS
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-NO, but he keeps it because it works
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Jefferson removed excise taxes
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-YES, because removal would benefit common farmers
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Jefferson reduced army and navy
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-YES, because he was a pacifist
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New Naturalization Act
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-YES, gave equal rights/ democracy to all (even common farmers)
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Causes of War of 1812
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1. European Decrees= Embargo Act (no trade to any country, Jeff. used elastic clause to justify, hurt US economy more than Europeans), Non-Intercourse Act (no trade to GB and FR; not effective b/c Napoleon stole goods from ships), Macons Bill #2 (if either ends restrictions, we embargo the other...FRANCE!)
2. Impressment 3. GB supplying Indians on frontier, did not leave forts (as per Jay's Treaty) 4. War Hawks want canada! |
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Opposition to War of 1812
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-france violated our neutrality
-NE merchants needed GB trade -US not prepared |
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh, became national hero!
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"Mr. Madison's War"
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-star spangled banner
-British burn down DC -Battle of New Orleans (Jackson=hero) happened AFTER treaty was signed -Status Quo! |
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Hartford Convention
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Feds. scared of losing power, came up with list of changes to domestic policy= came at wrong time, so they were seen as traitors!
DEATH of federalist party |
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Results of War of 1812
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-nationalism/start of sectionalism
-Federalists dead -Industrialization -Clay, Calhoun, Webster -return to isolationism |
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Era of Good Feelings
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Monroe's term
only 1 party, no war |
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Monroe's foreign policy
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John Quincy Adams=Sec. of State, negotiates treaties:
Treaty of 1818- US share Newfoundland with Canada, northern limits of LA, joint occupation of Oregon, with BRITAIN -Rush Bagot Treaty- less GB/US navy in Great Lakes -Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819- US got FL and Spanish claims to OR; Spain got TX; western boundary of LA |
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Monroe Doctrine
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to protect Latin America; noncolonization and nonintervention by Europe in western hemisphere (no real way to enforce it)
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Nationalism in Era of Good Feelings
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1. American System- Henry Clay, B(US #2) I(nternal improvements) T(ariff of 1816)
2. literature/art=Hudson River School, landscapes 3. rebuilt DC 4. increased army/navy 5. revived BUS 6. Land Act of 1820 (no buying lands on credit in NW territory) |
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Sectionalism in Era of Good Feelings
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1. roads=unconstitutional, eastern resistance to moving pop. west
2. tariff of 1816= 1st protective 3. Panic of 1819- debtor v. creditor, overspeculation of W. lands 4. MO compromise of 1820- no slavery above 36.30', MO=slave, Maine=free |
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Supreme Court during Era of Good Feelings
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JOHN MARSHALL=
federalist, strong national govt. 1.Marbury v. Madison= judicial review 2. McCullough v. MD= BUS, validates elastic clause 3. Gibbons v. Ogden= interstate commerce is regulated by Congress |
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Industrial Revolution---
why not until 1800s? why started in NE first? |
1.-soil was cheap -labor/ money/consumers were scarce -little raw materials -superior British competition had monopoly on textiles
2. -bad soil=little farming, dense population, shipping gave $, seaports, rapid rivers= water power |
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Eli Whitney
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1. interchangeable parts- gave North military advantage
2. cotton gin- gave slavery renewed life |
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Agriculture revolution
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inventions- mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick), steel plow (John Deere)
West becam breadbasket, needs transportation |
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transportation revolution
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-slow to link country (b/c of debates state v. fed funding)
-turnpikes, roads, canals (ERIE---Madison refused to pay for it b/c benefited NY only) -steamboat, RR |
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railroad's influence on nation
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-developed Continental economy (N=maufacturing, S=cotton, W=food)
-connected east to west (pop. migrates west) -NYC more important than New Orleans |
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immigrants in 1840s-1850s
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-Irish= settle in cities b/c no money to move west, became city politicians, worked in factories, drinking+ Catholicism, NINA
-Germans= moved to Midwest, raised farms and breweries! |
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Nativism
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American felt like immigrants were stealing their jobs and votes
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Lowell Massachusetts Girls
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worked in mills in New England, strictly supervised
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who started reform movement?
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white, middle class women.
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causes of reform movement
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2nd great awakening, transcendentalism, rise of middle class, Jeffersonian/ Jacksonian democracy, industrial rev/urbanization, women
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2nd Great Awakening
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-reaction to Enlightenment= religious revival! for ALL
-Impact: reorganized churches, missionaries, Baptist+Methodist churches, Charles G. Finney (evangelist), new churches (Mormon) |
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Transcendentalism
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-belief in oversoul
-emotion AND intellect -man can improve oneself man is divine man worth transcends society Emerson and Thoreau |
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Utopian society
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-Oneida (2nd coming of Christ), New Harmony, Brooke Farm
-Shakers= failed because didn't believe in SEX, no way to carry on generations |
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McGuffey Reader
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used religion to teach Protestant ethics/American values
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Horace Mann
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father of public education
DEMOCRACY!= need educated voters, children should be molded |
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Noah Webster
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created 1st dictionary
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Mary Lyons
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Mt. Holyoke, first female college
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Emma Willard
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Troy New York Female Seminary
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women's rights/cult of domesticity
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-wages to husband, no child custody, property to husband, no vote
-women's place is at home |
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Seneca Falls Convention
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1848
-Declaration of Sentiments |
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relationship between abolition and women's rights SPLIT when......
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blacks got right to vote
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Dorothea Dix
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insane asylums, nursing
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Grimke sisters
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spoke for abolitionists
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Big 3 Women's Rights
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Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony (suffrage)
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Lucy Stone
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kept last name
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Margaret Fuller
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women's right lady
journallist |
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William Lloyd Garrison
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CRAZY.
(gave bad reputation) the Liberator (wanted immediate emancipation) |
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Frederick Douglass
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former slave---
taught himself how to read |
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Theodore Weld
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Slavery as It Is
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Hudson River School/ Knickerbocker Group
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-Romanticism/landscapes
-Irving and Hwthorne |
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
-put human face on slavery -British couldn't support Confederates b/c their people/wage slaves would be against it |
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Market Revolution
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1. Embargo Act (Thomas Jefferson)
2. War of 1812 (Dumping products, tariff of 1816) 3. Henry Clay (American System, nationalism) |
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Wendell Phillips
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great speaker abolitionist
"golden trumpet" American Anti-Slavery Association |
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John Brown
and Harper's Ferry |
-one of main causes of seige mentality= spread fear throughout South
-raided so he could arm slaves, whites thought they were going to KILL everyone and take over |
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"King Cotton" and cotton gin before Civil War
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-caused greater demand for slavery
-"soil butchery"= need more land out West |
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"states rights precedent"
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VA and KY resolutions, S. Carolina Exposition, Hartford Convention, Fugitive Slave Law
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SIEGE MENTALITY.
(define and causes) |
-South thinks North is out to get them! big fear of attacks and etc.
-Nat Turner Rebellion, "The Liberator", Nullification Crisis, Wilmot Proviso, John Brown, European countries all free slaves before them |
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fire eaters/abolitionists
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fireaters= extreme southerners FOR slavery
abolitionists= against slavery |
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transportation before Civil War
-what did the South NOT have that other regions did? |
railroads! (linked east and west, but not south!)
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economy before Civil War
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South depended on North for maunfactured goods,
South owes North a LOT of money! |
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Nullification Crisis
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Calhoun was VP, but left because he spoke badly of Jackson, became senator instead
Jackson passed super high tariffs! Calhoun+ South Carolina wanted to nullify! passed Ordinance of Nullification and threatened to secede |
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Manifest Destiny and Civil War
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-debate over new territory: free/slave?
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Wilmot Proviso
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no slavery/free blacks in territory taken from Mexico
-did NOT pass (in Senate) -reconfirmed N/S Sectionalism |
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spirit of compromise only prolonged problems!
-MO compromise of 1820 -Compromise of 1850 -Tariff of 1833 (Clay) |
-36.30' line for slavery
-POPFACT= acronym for terms -doesn't help South; started at 35%, lowered to 25% over 8 years |
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Antebellum (pre-Civil War)
North v. South v. West |
NORTH=
-immigration, machines (Whitney and Slater), high tariff, waterways, dense pop. SOUTH= King Cotton/cotton gin, plantations, major trade with GB(need cotton for textile mills.) WEST= reaper/steel plow, increased production, steamboat (Robert Fulton), "rugged individualism" |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 |
-slavery decided by pop. sovereignty
-Stephen A. Douglas wanted to build RR; would benefit him personally and as a senator (wanted to be president!) |
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Dred Scott Decision
1857 |
-Roger Taney= chief justice
-issued that slaves are property, so they can be taken anywhere and still be property -violated MO compromise of 1820 -ruined Stephen A. Douglas (all about pop. sovereignty) |
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Election of 1860
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-Lincoln elected
-South Carolina secedes (oh HELL nooo) :O |
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Sumner v. Brooks
1856 |
Sumner (MA, anti slavery)speaks badly about Butler (SC, pro-slavery); Butler's cousin, Preston Brooks BEATS Sumner with a cane, Sumner had to go to treatment in Europe (HOT MESS.)
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popular sovereignty in elections
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-James Buchanan (democrat) WON in election of 1856
-Stephen A. Douglas (N. Dem) lost to Lincoln in 1860 |
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Compromise of 1850
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-popular sovereignty
-fugitive slave law -abolishing slave trade in DC -CA=state -TX= got $10 million for disputed New Mexico land |
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Underground Railroad
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Harriet Tubman was a G.
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Lincoln-Douglas Debate
1858 |
for SENATE-
Lincoln asks Douglas question: Suppose people in a territory should vote against slavery (goes against Dred Scott), who would win: court or people? Douglas says PEOPLE! (freeport doctrine) Lincoln loses! |
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Panic of 1857
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-caused by inflation and overspeculation
-South was unaffected, became overconfident with cotton |
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Deaths of Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Daniel Webster
(role on Compromise of 1850) |
-early 1950s
-gave way to New/Young Guard (Seward, Douglas, someone else?) -Clay: both sides compromise -Calhoun: leave slavery alone, return runaways, 2 presidents -Webster: all reasonable concessions to South, geography says no slavery in MX Cession anyway |
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Death of Whig Party
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-gave way to Republican party (moral, against slavery and Kansas-Nebraska Act)
-pro-business/Henry Clay-ish |
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Division of Democratic Party before Civil War
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nominating conventions spilt up!
Stephen A. Douglas= North John Breckenridge= South |
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Effects of Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1. North refuses to enforce Fugitive Slave Law
2. death of whigs, more anti-slavery republicans 3. "Bleeding Kansas" (civil war within state) and John Brown 4. split Dem party 5. Sumner v. Brooks |
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Election of 1860
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LINCOLN WON:D
-4 parties -Rebulican platform: free soil in territories, high tariff, homestead(free) act, int. improvements (RR) -Lincoln= minority/sectional president |
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Lecompton Constitution
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if passed, no NEW slaves, if not passed, slaves!
-either way, pro-slavery people win. |
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Crittenden Compromise
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-tried to appease south by saying all territories S of 36.30' got slavery and all N of line were free
-Lincoln said he would VETO because went against his promises |
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Lincoln's
FIRST v. SECOND inaugural addresses |
first=
confrontational, it was up to SOUTH to save the country second= conciliatory |
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For what was each side fighting?
North v. South |
North= preserve union, eventually stop spread of slavery
South=states rights (slavery), way of life, recognition as a nation |
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Problems concerning secession?
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geographically impossible
-who will pay national debt? -who gets territories? -what happens to fugitive slaves? -european interference? |
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BORDER STATES!
(name them and significance) |
Delaware, Kentucky (maufacturing and Ohio River), Missouri, Maryland (DC, martial law), West Virginia (broke off from Virginia when seceded)
-slave states with large pop. -control over rivers -DC surrounded -would secede if North fired first |
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Strategies
North v. South |
North= blockade Southern coast, take Mississippi River to cut south in half (Battle of Vicksburg, Sherman's March)
South=get foreign help (GB/FR), invade north whenever possible, wait out until North tires |
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Advantages
North v. South |
North= more resources, men , maunfacturing, RR, states, money, food, better navy
South= devotion to cause, fighting on home soil, better military leaders and experienced soldiers |
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Financing the War
North v. South |
North= bonds, excise taxes, tariffs, greenbacks (backed by nothing), income tax (first one, unconstitutional but unchallenged)
***National Banking Act= unify nation with Federal bonds, common currency, undo Jackson, beginning of new, unified, stable banking system*** South= bonds, excise taxes, paper money ($1 billion), loans from Europe |
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Raising the Armies
North v. South |
North= volunteers, militias, draft (could hire a sub or pay $300), by end of war 10% of soldiers were black
South= volunteers, militias, draft (could hire sub if had certain number of slaves) DESERTION= problem for both sides |
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Fort Sumter
April 1861 |
Charleston, SC harbor;
federal arsenal that Lincoln was sending supplies to... SOUTH fires! Union forces surrender---four more states secede |
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First Bull Run
July 1861 |
first land battle of war: close to DC
-Union defeated---gave South overconfidence, so Union got serious |
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Naval Warfare (Civil War)- 1862
-Merrimac and Monitor -the Alabama -the Trent Affair -Laird Rams |
-Merrimac and Monitor= ironclad ships in Union blockade
-the Alabama=British ship with Confed. sailors...bombed union merchant ships -the Trent Affair= Union ship found British ship with Confederate diplomates---- everyone was MAD! but Lincoln said "one war at a time" and let Confeds. go -Laird Rams= British guy wanted to personally sell iron ships to Confeds. Union and Charles Francis Adams convince British to prevent ships from being sold---British government buy ships from the guy |
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Western Front (Civil War)
1862-1865 -Battle of Vicksburg -Sherman's March |
-Vicksburg= Union took Mississippi River, cuts Confederacy in two! ends "continuous voyage"... turning point in the west!
-Sherman's March= strategy changes: move SE from Atlanta to Savannah to severe deep South and demoralize people: "total warfare" |
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Eastern Front (Civil War)
1861-1865 -Antietam -Gettysburg -Appomattox |
-Antietam= bloodiest day of the war, South didn't get foreign help, North says victory, but it was really a tie--- EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION= released after a victory/when border states were secure, freed no slave except those in "rebellion"
-Gettysburg= S invades N, turning point on eastern front -Appomattox= Lee surrenders! |
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Election of 1864
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-Lincoln reelected on UNION party ticket (Andrew Johnson VP)
-Copperheads= extreme anti-war party |
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Ulysses S. Grant
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-wanted unconditional surrender
-Battle of Wilderness= chased Lee! -was very good to South at Appomattox (could keep horses, officers kept guns) |
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McClellan
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Southern general
hated Lincoln perfectionist got fired TWICE! |
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Legacy of Civil War
North v. South |
-North= economic boom, birth of millionares (sold shoddy goods but made $), Republican rise to power, RR, high tariffs
-South= devastated infrastructure and economy, NO secession/nullification issues, lack of reliable labor, "Solid South"= whites won't vote for Republicans |
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Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction
(plan and problems) |
-10% oath, new state govt. (TN, AR, LA agreed)
-Wade Davis Bill (50% oath)= vetoed by Lincoln! -Lincoln= shot! |
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Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction
(plan and problems) |
-10% oath, 13th amendment, repudiate Confederate debt
(all but TX agreed) -Black Codes -elected Confed. leaders "no remorse" |
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Congressional Reconstruction Plan #1
(plan and problems) |
-10%, 13th and 14th amendments
-refused to ratify 14th amendment, 1866 Rad. Repubs get 2/3 control of Congresss |
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Congressional Reconstruction Plan #2
(plan, problems, compromise) |
-10%, 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, 5 military districts
-KKK -1876 compromise= "white redeemers" Southerns take over government |
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Election of 1876
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-END of reconstruction
-Rutherford B. Hayes elected Dems take troops out of South |
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Election of 1824
(constitutional significance and corrupt bargain) |
-Jackson won popular vote, but no cleaar majority in electoral college. According to 12th amendment, Congress decided on Adams.
-Jacksonians accused Clay (speaker of the house) of being bribed by Adams to assure presidency in return for being new sec. of state |
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John Quincy Adams as president
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unpopular, nationalist, roads and canals, national university
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"Tariff of Abominations"
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CRISIS! 1828 tariff= 45%
-Calhoun secretly wrote "South Carolina Exposition", begins nullification crisis and sectionalism |
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Election of 1828
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JQ Adams v. Jackson
-mudslinging campaign, Age of Common Man -begins power in the West |
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Revolution of 1828
(characteristics) |
universal white manhood suffrage, open political conventions, expands spoils systems, snobs to mobs
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Characteristics of Jackson
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loyal, uncompromising, violent, decisions based on opinion (not law), ignored Supreme Court, nationalist AND sectionalist, used veto
-critics called him "King Andrew I" |
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Peggy Eaton Affair
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led to resignation of Calhoun as VP----moves back to South Carolina and becomes a sectionalist
leads to Civil War |
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Tariffs
(1828, 1830, 1832, 1833) |
-1828= abomination! 45%
-1830= Hayne-Webster Debate, states rights v. nationalism, Webster= "rope of sand" speech -1832= 35%, not low enough for Southerners (thought it would be permanent), led to Nullification Convention in SC -1833= Compromise, Henry Clay: lowers tariff over 10 years to rate of tariff of 1816 (everyone= winner! Jackson gets his way, but SC redoes nullification) |
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Maysville Road Act
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-wanted a road in Kentucky, but Jackson vetoes because hates Clay
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Nicholas Biddle
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-president of BUS
-Jackson HATES. |
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Why does Jackson hate the BUS?
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-monopoly, favors rich
-wanted cheap money, foreign ownership |
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Election of 1832
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-BUS=issue
-Jackson v. Clay -Jackson takes victory as a mandate to VETO rechartering of BUS---overrules Supreme Court decision |
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What did Jackson do to kill the BUS?
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-removed federal deposits from BUS, put them in "pet banks", used $ to pay off national debt. $ from pet banks used for internal improvements in states (roads, canals)
-leads to money shortage! |
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Species Circular
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-land must be paid for in gold (which nobody had---made economy worse)
-sparks Panic of 1837 |
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Indian Removal Act of 1830
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forced uprooting of a bunch of Indians (that lived east of Mississippi)
-tral of tears |
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Indian Supreme Court Cases
(Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia) |
GA legislature said Cherokee council was illegal; John Marshall upheld their rights, but Jackson refused to enforce
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Election of 1836
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Martin Van Buren (Dem) v. Harrison (Whig)
-van Buren won (b/c endorsed by Jackson) and inherited $ problems -Whig party formed= hatred of Jackson, pro-BUS, pro-tariff, rich! (but pretended to be common man), strong central govt. |
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Independent Treasury Act
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govt. locks surplus $ in vaulta of larger cities; passed by Van Buren to solve panic of 1837
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why Manifest Destiny?
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good soil, safety valve, trade with Asia, Panic of 1837, raw materials, nationalism
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Panic of 1837 causes
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-rampant speculation (by get-rich-quickism)
-borrowed money (used by gamblers) -Jacksonian finance -Bank War -Species Circular -failure of wheat crops -European economic distress |
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Election of 1840
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Van Buren (Dem) v. Harrison (Whig)
-first modern election, both candidates chosen by national conventions, no issues, "log cabin and hard cider" -Harrison wins, but then dies---Tyler becomes president (unpopular---a democrate in a Whig's clothing) |
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Maine's borders (1840)
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Webster-Ashburton Treaty= defines Maine's border with Canada (49th parallel)
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Texas annexation
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annexed by joint resolution before Tyler leaves office--- not earlier because of slavery issue
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Election of 1844
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Polk (Democrat) v. Clay (Whig)
-manifest destiny= issue -Clay has too many enemies, so "dark horse" Polk wins |
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Oregon territory
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compromise with Great Britain, 49th parallel
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Mexican-American War
1847 |
ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo=
gave Texas to America and the area stretching westward to Pacific Ocean for $15 million (Mexican Cession) -dilemma over new territories (free/slave states) -Wilmot Proviso failed -Gadsden Purchase (later) to build RR |
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Lincoln's Spot Resolution
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-Whig representative in Congress
-wanted to see exactly where blood had been spilled (on U.S. soil?) to declare war on Mexico |
