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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pericardium |
Fibrous sac containing heart |
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Papillary muscles |
Nipple like projections inside the myocardium. When contracted they open the atrioventricular valves |
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The two atria are separated by the |
Interatrial space |
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Cardiac tamponade |
Fluid in the pericardium
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The two ventricles are separated by the |
Interventricular septum |
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Together the interatrial septum and the interventricular septum form the |
Atrioventricular septum |
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Auricles are |
Blind pouches that come off the atria |
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What are the collagen fiber cords that prevent the valves from opening backwards called |
Chordae tendonae |
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The skeleton of the heart is located |
Between the atria and ventricles |
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Heart skeleton functions (4) |
1. Separates atria and ventricles 2. Anchors the heart valves 3. Provides a point of attachment for the myocardium 4. Provides electrical insulation between atria and ventricles |
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Systole |
Myocardium contacting - chamber empties blood - depolarisation |
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Diastole |
Myocardium relaxing - repolarising - Chambers filling back with blood |
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What large vein brings deoxygenated blood FROM the systemic circulation directly to the right atrium? |
Vena Cava |
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Cardiac cycle is |
One cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation |
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Depolarisation vs repolarisation |
Contraction and raxation |
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Lub |
Tricuspid and mitral valves close after atrial systole |
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Dub |
Pulmonary and aortic valves close after ventricle systole |
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Valvular insufficiency |
One or more of the cardiac valves don't close all the way- producing a murmur |
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Valvular stenosis |
One or more valves don't open all the way - producing a murmur |
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Cardiac Output |
Is the volume of blood that is ejected out of the LEFT ventricle over time |
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Two factors determine cardiac output |
1. Stroke volume 2. Heart rate |
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Stroke Volume |
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction (systole). - systolic discharge (another name) |
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Heart rate is |
The number of times the ventricle contracts or beats in 1 minute. |
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HR is based on |
The rate at which the SA Node spontaneously depolarises |
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CHF occurs when |
The pumping ability of the heart decreases, usually due to disease of cardiac muscle or valve malfunction. |
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Right side CHF |
Blood from the systemic circulation cannot travel to the right atrium as quickly which results in fluid build up .... a.k.a ascites (in the abdomen) and edema in the tissues |
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Left sided CHF |
The venous return from the lungs is decreased resulting in pulmonary edema, resulting in respiration issues. |
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The inner layer that lines the lumen of the vessel is the |
Endothelium |
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2 types of arteries |
Elastic arteries Muscular arteries |
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Elastic arteries |
Stretch when blood passes. Found closer to heart to withstand the surge of blood |
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What type of artery directs blood to specific organs and tissues? |
Muscular arteries |
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Arterioles |
Branch from muscular arteries. - contract under autonomic nervous system control |
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What type of artery helps maintain blood pressure |
Arterioles |
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True or false: Veins and arteries run close to eachother |
True |
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Why can't blood move backwards in a vein |
Because it moves against gravity and has valves that close to prevent this |
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Umbilical vein |
Oxygenated blood from the mother flows from the placenta to the uterus through the umbilical vein |
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Pulse |
Alternating stretching and recoiling of elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through with each heart beat |
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Pulse wave |
Stretching and recoiling travels through all arteries and arterioles and dissipates through capillaries. |
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Blood pressure |
Measure of the amount of pressure flowing blood exerts on arterial walls |
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Systolic blood pressure |
Ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation |
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Diastolic blood pressure |
Pressure remaining in the artery during left ventricular diastole |
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Mean arterial pressure |
Average pressure during one cardiac cycle |
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Oscillometric |
Cuff over the artery and inflated until blood flow stops. Air is released slowly and you make the pulsations |
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Doppler |
Measures arterial blood flow as air is released from the cuff attached to a sphygmomanometer. Only accurately measures systolic |
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Electrocardiography produces a |
Electrocardiogram (ECG) based on the electrical activity of the heart |
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P wave |
The time it takes the wave of depolarisation to travel from the SA node through the atria |
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QRS |
Is the time of ventricular depolarisation (contraction) |
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Q |
Depolarisation of the interventricular septum |
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R |
Depolarisation of the main mass of the ventricles |
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S |
Final depolarisation of the ventricles near the base of the heart |
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T wave |
Is the time for repolarisation ( ventricle relaxation ) |
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Echocardiography (cardiac ultrasound) |
Bounce sound waves off parts of the heart. Evaluate size, shape, and movement |
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Doppler echocardiography |
Used with 2 dimensional. Measures blood through the heart and adds colour to the image.
Evaluate stenosis |
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Vein in the pelvic limb |
Femoral vein or saphenous vein |
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The jugular vein is next to |
The carotid artery |
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Sinus arrythmia |
Normal in dogs HR increased when dogs breathe in HR decreased when dogs breathe out |
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Pulse is best felt |
Over a medium artery against firm surfaces |
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Stroke volume is determined by 3 factors |
Preload Afterload Contractibility |
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Preload |
Volume of blood received from atrium |
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Afterload |
Physical resistance by artery the ventricle is pumping blood into |
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Contractibility |
Force of heart contractions |
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True or False: Arterioles are muscular arteries |
True |
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Perfusion |
Blood flow through tissue Happens at the capillaries |
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Normal systolic BP |
100-160 |
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Normal diastolic blood pressure |
60-100 |
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Normal MAP # |
70-120 |
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Shock |
Inadequate cellular energy production or decreased cellular oxygen utilisation related to decreased blood flow that leads to cell death and organ failure |
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Shock (again) |
Inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in poor oxygen delivery |
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Cardiogenic shock |
Heart failure, arrhythmia, valve disease, stenosis |
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Disruptive shock |
Body is unable to maintain vasoconstriction of blood vessels - sepsis, anaphylaxis, trauma, neurogenic - fluid mal-distruption, pooling |
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Obstructive shock |
GDV - gastric dilatation- volvulus HW - heartworm disease |
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Hypovolemic shock |
Most common
Blood loss, fluid loss |
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Lactate levels |
In absence of oxygen, the body switches to an alternative way to producing cellular energy. Partially breaking down glucose to lactic acid |
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Hypovolemic shock stages |
Decrease intravascular volume > Decreased preload> Decrease cardiac output > decrease tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery |
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The body's response to shock |
Sympathetic n.s / adrenal glands release epinephrine + norepinephrine = increased HR Increase contractibility of heart Arteriole constriction = increase BP Redirects blood flow to heart and brain |
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Stages of Shock |
1. Compensatory - body is maintaining vital parameters 2. Decompensated - losing the battle, need vigorous treatment 3. Irreversible - treatment no longer helpful |
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Compensatory Phase |
Starts with initial trauma/cause Body attempt to maintain perfusion Spleen contracts to move blood into circulation |
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Compensatory signs of shock |
Tachycardia Tachypnea Normal BP / CRT Norma to pale MM Responsive |
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Decompensatory Signs of Shock |
Tachycardia Tachypnea Low pulse Low BP Increased CRT time Pale MM Cold extremities Obtunded (dull) mentation |
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Late decompensatory shock signs |
High lactate Bradycardia Bradypnea Weak / absent pulse Hypotension Prolonged CRT Pale to grey MM Stuporous mentation (no blood flow to brain or heart) Death |
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Shock Therapy |
Maintain blood oxygenation
A lot of fluid to increase preload - by O2 cage A lot of fluid to increase preload
Monitor vitals
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The interatrial septum is a continuation of the |
Myocardium |
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The largest pressure drop in the circulatory system occurs along the |
Arterioles |
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If a baroreceptor in the aorta detects low pressure, what will happen |
Vasoconstriction |
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Cusps |
Flap of CT that make up a heart valve |
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Parietal layer |
Moist, serous membrane |
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Reason cardiac muscle doesn't fatigue |
Autorhythmic |
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Channel formed by coronary vein to return blood to circulation |
Coronary sinus |
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Transplanted hearts do not have what, but don't need to keep beating? |
Nerve supply |
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Infection in the pericardium |
Septic pericarditis |
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Fluid in the pericardial sac Vs Fluid in the pericardium |
Effusion & Cardiac tamponade |
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Foramen ovale |
Bypass of oxygen from the umbilical vein |
