A&p Test 4

Front 1

what are the 5 functions of the respiratory system

Back 1

1. extensive gas exchange btwn air and circulating blood
2. moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs
3. protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, variations and defending respiratory system (mucus)
4. producing sound for speaking, singing, communication
5. facilitating the detection of odors

Front 2

list the structures of the upper respiratory tract

Back 2

nose > nasal cavity > paranasal sinuses > pharynx(3)

Front 3

Anatomical region ; Function air/food; epithelial lining
Nasopharynx 1? 2?
Oropharynx 3? 4?
Laryngopharynx 5? 6?
Trachea 7? 8?

Back 3

1. air 2. Pseudo-stratified
3. air & food 4. stratified squamous
5. air & food 5. stratified squamous
6. air 7. pseudo-stratified

Front 4

definition
1. breathing oxygen in lungs; maintain alveolar ventilation
2. primary function- to meet respiratory demands
3. absorption of oxygen and release of CO2 to cells

Back 4

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. internal respiration

Front 5

definition
1. movement of air to lungs
2. exchange gases btwn bood and tissues
3. exchange of gases from atmosphere to our body

Back 5

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. internal ventilation
3. external ventilation

Front 6

1? is the movement of air from the atmosphere to the exchange surface at the 2? of the lungs and back 3?
it involves inhalation and exhalation but does not involve any 4? crossing the exchange surface and 5? or 6? the blood stream

Back 6

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. alveoli
3. out
4. gases
5. entering
6. or leaving

Front 7

gases will always move from 1? (concentration) to 2?
(3? a gradient)

Back 7

1. high pressure
2. low pressure
3. down a concentration gradient

Front 8

Boyle's Law- the pressure of a gas in a closed system is 1? to the 2? of the system
- if the volume of a system decreases in half, the pressure 3?
-as volume increases 4? decreases (vice versa) which means P and V have an 5? relationship

Back 8

1. inversely proportional
2. volume
3. doubles
4. pressure
5. inverse

Front 9

During inhalation the volume of the lungs 1?, 2? the pressure of the air in the lungs below atmospheric pressure
Inhalation involves contraction of the 3?
4? and 5? are relaxed

Back 9

1. increases
2. decreasing
3. diaphragm
4. intercostals and
5. abdominals are relaxed

Front 10

During exhalation the volume of the lungs 1?, the pressure of the gas in the lungs will 2?
while in Eupnea ( quiet breathing) , exhalation 3? muscle contraction

Back 10

1. decreases
2. increase
3. does not force

Front 11

Abundant gas particles
1st- 1? ; 2%?
2nd- 3? ; 4%?
3rd- 5? ; 6%?
4th- 7? ; 8%?

Back 11

1. Nitrogen 2. 78.6%
3. Oxygen 4. 20.9%
5. Water 6. 0.5%
7. CO2 8. 0.04%

Front 12

human waste 1?
plant waste 2?

Back 12

1. CO2
2. oxygen and water

Front 13

the lungs are highly 1?

Back 13

1. elastic

Front 14

definition
1. pressure inside the respiratory tract at the alveoli
2. pressure in the pleural cavity btwn the parietal and visceral cavity

Back 14

1. intrapulmonary pressure
2. intrapleural pressure

Front 15

Atmospheric pressure
1 ATM = 1?
-when you are relaxed and breathing quietly the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure is relatively small. during inhalation, lungs expand, and the intrapulmonary pressure is then 2?
during exhalation, lungs relax (recoil) and intrapulmonary pressure is then 3?

Back 15

1. 760 mmHg
2. -1 mmHg
3. +1 mmHg

Front 16

when a trained athlete breathes at maximum capacity, the intrapulmonary pressure can reach 1? during inhalation
and 2? during exhalation (strenuous)

Back 16

1. -30 mmHg
2. +100 mmHg

Front 17

intrapleural pressure averages about 1?
during powerful inhalation, it can reach 2?

Back 17

1. -4 mmHg
2. -18 mmHg

Front 18

Direction of Air movement
End of exhale- 1?
inhalation- 2?
exhalation- 3?

Back 18

1. zero 760 mmHg
2. in 758 mmHg
3. out 763 mmHg

Front 19

intrapulmonic pressure always (higher/lower) than intrapleural pressure

Back 19

1. higher

Front 20

what would happen if intrapleural pressure was greater than intrapulmonic pressure?
clinical condition 2?

Back 20

1. as air moves into intrapleural space, pressure becomes greater than ATM pressure, lungs collapse
2. atelectasis

Front 21

what is surfactant and what are its functions (3) ?

Back 21

reduces surface tension
1. increases competence(ability for lungs and thorax to expand )
2. prevent atelectasis at the end of respiration
3. facilitate recruitment of collapsed air was

Front 22

1? is the exchange of gases btwn the atmosphere and blood
This requires 2? to move from the atmosphere, across the alveoli, and into the blood. It also requires 3? to move out of the blood, across the alveoli, and into the atmosphere. Results in the conversion of 4? into 5?

Back 22

1. external respiration
2. oxygen
3. CO2
4. deoxygenated blood
5. oxygenated blood

Front 23

what la is this:
Increasing the pressure of a gas in the atmosphere of a system can force that gas to increase its solubility (ability to dissolve) in a solution
*as pressure of a gas increases, the more of that gas will be forced into solution

Back 23

Henry's Law of Diffusion of Gases between Liquids and the Atmosphere

Front 24

Henrys Law:
A gas that moves from the atmosphere into a solution 1?
Gases that have very little pressure needed to dissolve them into a solution, means they have 2?
Gases that want to escape the solution as quickly as possible, means they have 3?
Which gases move from the atmosphere into a solution very readily 4? which gas does not and will come rushing back into the atmosphere if the pressure is removed 5?

Back 24

1. dissolved gas
2. high solubility
3. low solubility
4. Oxygen and CO2
5. Nitrogen

Front 25

-Increased pressure drives gas molecules (in/out)1? solution, until equilibrium is reached
-Decreased pressure dissolved gas molecules (enter/leave) 2? solution, until equilibrium is reached

Back 25

1. into solution
2. leaves solution

Front 26

definition :
1? is the exchange of gases btwn the blood and tissues/interstitial fluids (IF)
-This requires 2? to move from the blood, across the capillary wall, and into the tissues/IF
-Also requires 3? to move out of the IF/tissue, across the capillary wall, and into the blood
*results in the conversion of 4? into 5?

Back 26

1. internal respiration
2. oxygen
3. CO2
4. oxygenated blood
5. deoxygenated

Front 27

what happens when a SCUBA diver gets the bends

Back 27

sudden drop in ATM
decreased N2 causes problems

Front 28

hemoglobin is a 1? found in 2? that binds 3? and 4?

Back 28

1. protein
2. RBC
3. O
4. CO2

Front 29

write a reversible equation for the formation of bicarbonate ions

Back 29

CO2+H2O -> <- H+HCO3
*CO2 absorbed by blood and transported as molecules of carbonic acid

Front 30

Control of Respiration
The basic respiratory rhythm is controlled by the respiratory center which is made up of autonomic centers in the 1? and ?
There are 3 main centers of the respiratory system 2???

Back 30

1. medulla and pons
2. respiratory rhythmicity center
apneustic center
pneumotaxic center

Front 31

the respirator rhythmicity center is made up of two sub centers 1? and ?
a. an inspiratory center that stimulates the diaphragm and external intercoastals to contract and cause inspiration (inhalation)
*functions during every cycle and sends axons through the phrenic nerve

b. an expiratory center that is active only during FORCED exhalation (hypernea or active respiration)
*when active it stimulates the internal intercoastals and rectus abdominis muscles to contract

Back 31

1.a. dorsal respiratory group

2.b. ventral respiratory group

Front 32

definition
1. located in the pons and stimulates DRG to cause inhalation
2. located in the pons and inhibits the DRG so that quiet exhalation occurs

Back 32

1. apneustic center
2. pneumotaxic center

Front 33

explain the process of quiet respiration
*4 steps

Back 33

1. apneustic center (stimulates DRG)
2. inspiration occurs
3. pneumotoxic center inhibits DRG
4. exhalation occurs
back to step 1

Front 34

explain the process of active respiration
*4 steps

Back 34

1. apneustic center (stimulates DRG)
2. inspiration occurs
3. pneumotoxic center inhibits DRG & VRG stimulated
4. forced exhalation occurs
back to step 1

Front 35

list the 6 major functions of the digestive tract

Back 35

1. Mechanical (chewing & propel food down into the stomach
2. Absorption (organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins)
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion (chemical breakdown)
5. Excretion (removal of waste)
6. Secretion (release of h20, acids,enzymes,buffers)

Front 36

definition
1. waves of muscular contraction that moves a bolus along digestive tract
2. occurs in small intestine and some portion of large intestine (mixing & churning)

Back 36

1. peristalsis
2. segmentation

Front 37

LOOK UP ACCESSORY ORgans

Back 37

look up

Front 38

the digestive tract is the tube that extends from the 1? to the 2?
3. the empty space inside the gut is called ?

Back 38

1. mouth
2. anus
3. coelem

Front 39

name the layers from inner to outer
1. inner most layer
a. mucus membrane with lots of folds
b. contains numerous bv, nerves, lymph vessels
2. dense and larger connective tissue
3. double layer of smooth muscle
4. outer layer

Back 39

1. Mucosa
a. digestive epithelium
b. lamina propria
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. serosa

Front 40

SALIVARY GLAND Components of Saliva
1. Parotid 1?
2. Sublingual 2?
3. Submandibular 3?

Back 40

1. salivary amylase
2.

3. secretes buffer, mucin, salivary amylase

Front 41

The tongue moves food over the 1? of the teeth to help the teeth with 2?
The average adult has 3? teeth, broken into 4 major groups
Name the four different groups and how many teeth 4?

Back 41

1. oculsal (opposing) surfaces
2. mastication
3. 32
4. 8 Incisors (slice/chop food)
4 cuspids (k9)
8 bicuspids (crush)
12 molars (grind)

Front 42

The bulk of each tooth is comprised of a substance very similar to bone called 1?
the only difference is that 1. lacks 2?
within the center of the 1. is a 3? containing bv and nerves which enter the tooth thru an 4?
Covering the crown of the 1. is the hardest substance in body called 5?
The root of the 1. is covered by 6?
Each tooth is held in its alveolus by 7? that anchor the tooth to the bone of the maxilla and mandible.

Back 42

1. dentin
2. lacks cells
3. pulp cavity
4. apical foramen
5. enamel
6. cementum
7. periodontal ligaments

Front 43

list the 3 regions of the pharynx and describe the epithelium lining them

Back 43

1. nasopharynx - pseudostratified
2. oropharynx - stratified squamous
3. laryngopharynx - stratified squamous

Front 44

GLAND TYPE FUNCTION
1. Goblet cell 1?
2. Gastric gland 2?
3. Pyloric gland 3?

Back 44

1. mucus production in stomach (live 3-7 days)
2. production of HCl
3. secretes gastrin

Front 45

Name the 4 functions of the stomach

Back 45

1. Storage of ingested food
2. mechanical breakdown
3. disruption of chemical bonds
4. production of intrinsic factor (a glycoprotein needed in the digestive tract for absorption of B12 by the small intestine)

Front 46

how if Hcl formed ?

Back 46

CO2 + H2O produces bicarbonate because its a buffer
2. bicarbonate leaves cell ; hydrogen goes to lumen
3. Chloride goes in the cell then leaves into the lumen

Front 47

Segmentation Function
1. Duodenum 1?
2. Jejunem 2?
3. Ileum 3?

Back 47

1. digestion, mixing bowl
2. some digestion (most nutrient absorption)
3. Absorption, controls emptying into the cecum

Front 48

what is the most specialized (most developed) cell in the small intestine

Back 48

the villi

Front 49

definition
1. numerous lymph nodes to remove bacteria from the colon

Back 49

1. peyer's patches

Front 50

definition
1. a double or mixed gland b/c it is both endocrine and exocrine in function
a. ENDOcrine function- alpha cells secrete 2? and beta cells secrete 3?
b. EXOcrine function- what cells produce 1L/day of pancreatic juice 4? its secreted into the duodenum to aid in digestion.

Back 50

1. pancreas
2. glucagon
3. insulin
4. acinar

Front 51

What are the components of pancreatic juice 1?
what is the pH 2?

Back 51

1. sodium bicarbonate
2. 7.5 - 8.8 Basic
(from 1.5 - 7.5)

Front 52

PANCREATIC ENZYME Substrate
1. pancreatic amylase 1?
2. pancreatic lipase 2?
3. Nuclease 3?
4. Proteases 4?
5. Peptidases 5?

Back 52

1. breaksdown straches
2. breaksdown lipids
3. breaksdown RNA & DNA
4. breaksdown large protein complex
5. breaksdown small protein complex

Front 53

what are the 3 functions of the liver?

Back 53

1. metabolic regulation
2. hematological regulation
3. bile production

Front 54

what is psoriasis of the liver?

Back 54

scar tissue from alcoholism or hepatitis
symptom- jaundice

Front 55

what is the largest visceral organ in the body

Back 55

liver

Front 56

the liver contains numerous phagocytic cells called 1?
that removed cellular debris, bacteria, and old RBC's
The liver also synthesizes numerous plasma proteins for osmotic pressure called 2? and 3?

Back 56

1. kupffer cells
2. albumins
3. clotting factor

Front 57

definition
A thick and viscous fluid that contains salts, water, lipids, ions, and billirubin that aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying fats

Back 57

1. bile

Front 58

definition
a small sac the can store and concentrate bile by absorbing some of the water

Back 58

1. gall bladder

Front 59

definition
the large intestine is also called 1?
The main functions include absorbing 2? from ?
absorb 3? that are produced by 4?
and stores the 5? until ?

Back 59

1. colon
2. most of the water from feces to compact it
3. vitamins
4. bacteria
5. fecal waste until defection occurs

Front 60

the rectum is the last 1? of the colon

Back 60

1. 7-8 inches

Front 61

list the structures of the LOWER respiratory tract

Back 61

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Aveoli
(vocal box),(wind pipe)