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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wolff's law |
Stress causes bone remodeling to increase bone mass, the trabeculae align with stress. These changes are caused by osteoblast activity which increases with stress. |
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Piezo electricity |
may shift osteoclast activity to osteoblast activity, this is causes by tension, pressure and stress |
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Paracrine |
diffusion but does not have to go directly in bloodstream, can only activate cells that are close by |
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4 steps of Bone healing |
1) Hematoma formation 2) Callus Formation 3) Callus Ossification 4) Bone remodeling |
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Hematoma formation |
bleeding of bone causes a collection of clotted blood |
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Callus Formation |
A callus is a proliferation of temporary soft tissue bridging broken ends, mostly collagen and some cartilage vasculature proliferation in and around hematoma macrophages engulf debris, osteoclasts dissolve dead tissue, fibroblasts synthesis and secrete collagen and granulation tissue chrondoblasts produce cartilage within the collagen, osteoblasts invade and new bone is formed osteoblasts/chondroblasts from external collar of bone cartilage |
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callus ossification |
callus replaced by woven spongy bone |
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bone remodeling |
replacement of spongy bone and damaged material by compact bone. sculpting of site by osteoclasts |
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pathology |
study of diseased tissues and organs |
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etiology |
study of root causes of diseases |
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osteomalacia |
soft bone due to lack of mineralization in adults, not having enough hydroxy appetite softens the bone due to lack of calcium, vitamin D and sunlight ex) a women who got pregnant twice in a row all the calcium is used to assemble the fetal skeleton and provide milk for the newborn |
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rickets |
deformities in legs, pelvis and rib cage due to soft bones because of lack of mineralization due to lack of calcium, vitamin D and sunlight |
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SERMS (selective estrogen receptor modulars) |
beneficial effects for bone without bad effects (increasing disease risks) |
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osteoporosis |
decreased mineralization and bone matrix, re absorption outpaces deposition thinning makes bones more brittle, spongey bone is most susceptible causes by aging, declining reproduction hormones because estrogen and testosterone maintain osteocytes compounded by less osteocyte activity, calcium and Vitamin D are decreased in blood flow |
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why is osteoporosis more common in women? |
because of sex hormones; men have slow decline of testosterone, in women estrogen declines rapidly at menopause, women also have lower bone density women can't orally take estrogen in middle age because it increases risk of breast caner, heart attack and stroke some medicines that may help are biphosphomates which encourage apoptosis of osteoclasts and calcitonin ( released by c cells of thyroid gland) which is a osteoclast inhibitor |
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Paget's disease |
excessive bone formation and breakdown, but not matched. Causes weak and irregular bone in adults. Causes thicker but weaker bones that have more woven bone and less compact bone not associated with decreased minerlzation |
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Dwarfism |
Lack of growth hormone in juveniles |
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pituitary dwarfism |
pituitary gland doesn't produce adequate hormones for growth; treatable if caught early, improper growth at epiphyseal plates |
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Gigantism |
excess growth hormone in juveniles, tumor on pituitary gland causes this, can cause circulatory problems and blurry vision |
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Acromegaly |
excess growth hormone in adults. bones in face continue to grow because they don't have epiphyseal plates, can causes blurry vision because tumor presses up against optic chiasma and circulatory problems |
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acromegalic features |
overgrown bones, such as nose, and ears, metacarpal bones |
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achondroplasia |
IGF1 does not work to stimulate long bone growth to the normal extent. This is the most common. parts of head are not reliant on IGF1, so normal head size usually growth hormone stimulates production of IGF1 indirectly, IGF1 has effect on chondrocytes on the epiphsyeal plates |
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osteogenesis imperfecta |
collagen mutation causing brittle bones also called brittle bone disease collagen type 1, is essential for dampening the brittleness of your skeleton is improperly activated because of mutation of DNA |
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synovial joints |
articulating bones separated by fluid cavity in potential space they are diathrotic meaning they have the greatest freedom of movement examples include the shoulder , elbow, wrist, hip, knee, angle and digits , vertebral coastal joints |
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joint kinosthetic receptors |
stretch and activate nerves so brain can monitor and let you know what you bodys position is |
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Parts of a synovial joint |
fat pad - cushioning meniscus - wedge of fibrocartilage within knee, that can split the synovial cavity, and improves fit between bones, also cushions extracapsular ligaments- outside fibrous capsule, fibular and tibial collateral ligaments intracapsular ligaments- inside capsule, cruciate ligaments |
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Example of an amphrothrotic and synothrotic joint |
distal tibiafibular joint |
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Knee damage |
most often from lateral shock anterior cruciate and tibial ligament most often damage along with medial meniscus you can graft undamaged ligaments with bone meniscus fragments removed from cavity |
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Arthroscopic surgery |
using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision.
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Bursa |
flattened sac of synovial membrane and fluid, it reduces friction by rolling between structures |
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bursitis |
inflammation of bursa due to damage |
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tendon |
dense CT linkage between muscle and bone |
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tendon sheath |
elongated fluid filled bursa wrapped around a tendon to reduce friction |
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tendonitis |
inflammation of sheath due to overuse |
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olecranon bursitisis |
student's elbow |
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labrum |
fibrocartilage band around glenoid cavity, increases the depth of cavity that hte humerus sits in an injury hotspot |
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rotator cuff |
4 tendons and associated muscles which hold shoulder together teres minor supraspinous muscle - most susceptible to injury infraspinious muscle supscapularis an injury hotspot |
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arthro |
refers to joints |
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synarthroses |
immovable joints |
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amphiarthroses |
slightly movable |
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diarthroses |
freely movable |
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difference between ses and sis |
ses is plural sis is singlular |
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sutures |
only happen in the skull dense fibrous connective tissue between flat bones of skull , starts off with a lot of space , as skull grows space thins, in the 4th decade of life changes to synostoses. it is slightly amphiarthrotic as a baby. this is true for all except temporal mandibular joint fibrous; synarthroses |
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syndemoses |
bones connected by short ligament of dense connective tissue, allows minimal movement to no movement ex) distal tibiafibular joint amphiarthroses, fibrous |
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ligament |
bone to bone |
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tendon |
muscle to bone |
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gomphoses |
peg-in-socket fibrous joint, always a joint between a tooth and the mandible or maxilla, connected to bone by periodontal ligaments synothrotic joint, highly related to but not bone, fibrous |
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peridontal ligament |
hold tooth in place |
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pulp |
blood and nerve supply |
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enamel |
white part; coats whole tooth, thickest on crown, hardest thing in body, almost pure hydroxyappetite, very brittle |
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dentene |
some collagen, mineralized made by odontoblasts (no nerve or blood suppyly)
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cartilaginous joints |
bones joined by cartilage (with absence of joint cavity)
cnnections can either be hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage |
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synchondroses |
think, synathrotic plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones, epiphyseal plates, and first coastal cartilage cartilagenous |
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synostosis |
fully ossified suture, epiphyseal lines bony fusion, synathrotic |
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intra bone joint |
epiphyseal union of diphysis with epiphysis |
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symphyses |
bones covered with intervening fibrocartilage pad: amphiarthrotic, shock absorber, intervetebral disks, pubic symphysis hyaline cartilage sandwiches fibrocartilage also found between lumbar vertebrae amphrothic, cartilaginous |
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Tommy John Surgery |
reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament with the tendon from the palmaris longus |
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Mechanisms to prevent dislocation |
snugness of fit capsules and ligaments muscles less mobile = more stable more mobile = less stable |
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Nonaxial |
slipping movement ex) wrist/carpal bones, foot bones, box shaped bones |
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uniaxial |
one plane only ex) elbow joint, interphalangeal joints |
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biaxial |
two planes and allows circumduction ex) metacarpophalangeal joints |
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multiaxial |
two planes, circumduction and long axis rotation ex) shoulder, ball and socket joints |
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bunyon |
bursa of the big toe |
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rheumatologists |
treating inflammatory joint conditions without surgery |
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arthritis |
joint infmlamattion |
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luxation |
dislocation |
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herniated or prolapsed disk |
can press on roots of spinal nerves causing pain and sometimes paralysis |
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gout |
buildup of uric acid |
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rheumatoid arthritis |
an autoimmune disease |
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glucocortacoids |
cortisol from adrenal gland and is steroid hormone, cortisone is the ketone form these hormones help metabolism adapt to stressful situation and suppress the immune system used as medicine for overactive immune systems |
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osteoarthritis |
wear and tear arthritis progressive thinning of hyaline cartilage and formation of osteophyes (bone spurs) which is an overgrowth of the bone |
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ankylosis |
bone fusion |
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prolapsed |
being knocked out of place |
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congenital |
at birth |
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Integumentray system (skin): Protection |
Mechanical: physical barrier to bacteria, Chemical: secretions destroy bacteria and hold bacteria at bay Biological: skin cells destroy invaders |
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homeostasis |
water : reduced exchange with environment thermal: important heat loss surface |
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secretion |
sweat: heat loss oil: antibiotic, lubrication hormones: Vitamin D (endocrine secretion) milk (exocrine secretion) earwax |
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sensory |
mechanical : touch, pain thermal: heat |
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sebacioius gland |
oil gland |
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epidermis |
no direct blood supply (avascular), no nerve supply |
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dermis |
highly vascularized and innervated |
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layers of epidermis |
sratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale all is stratified squamos epithilium |
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border between epidermis and dermis |
papille - finger like projections, has friction ridges so we can apply light pressure |
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stratum corneum |
dead cells, thickest layer |
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strum lucidium |
clear layer, only found in thick layers of skin (palm of hands, sole of foot) |
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stratum granulosm |
grainy layer |
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stratum spinosum |
spiny layer, 8-10 cells thick called spinosum because they shrink away when put in hypertonic solution causing star like shape |
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stratum basale |
... |
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keratinocytes |
take and modify these intermediate fillaments to keratin |
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polymerization |
melanin made by melanocytes in strtatum basal; makes tyrosineto make melanin (blacks and browns, some yellow and reds) |
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merkel cell |
close relationship with end of nerve fibers, capable of producing an impulse that is interpreted as light touch, found in stratum base in epidermis |
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desmosomes |
mechanical bolts, part in one cell, part in another, holds cells together |
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dentritic cells (langerhann) |
mobile, tends to hang out in spinosum layer. immune cells, digest bacteria and put in cell membrane, and bring to lymph nodes to activate more immune cells |
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glycolipid |
water repellant |
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malignant |
harmful |
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ABCDE Rule |
Asymmetry Borders Color Diameter of more then 5 ml evolving (changes) |
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basal cell carcinoma |
slow growing, not aggressive |
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squamos cell carcinoma |
in spinsoum layer, more agressive |
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melanoma |
most aggressive, very fast growing |
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melanin deposition |
amount genetically determined but can be influenced by environment |
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erythema |
reddening of the skin |
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jaundice |
byprodcuts of breakdown of heme, if liver produces too much , then your skin can have a yellow cast |
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neonatal jaundice |
when first born, lost of heme being broken down, can cause yellowing of skin, can lead to nervous system damage, you are put under blue light to isomerize to a more water soluble form so you can excrete the excess heme |
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cyanosis |
turning blue, hearts of lungs aren't working |
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albinism |
person doesn't make melanin, whitish skin, can cause poor vision and higher chance of skin cancer |
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arrector pili muscle |
tends to contract in emotional situation, raises the hair, causes goosebumps |
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basic multicellular unit (BMU) |
a temporary assembly of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travel through or across the surface of bone , removing old bone matrix and replacing it with new bone matrix |
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open fracture (compound fracture) |
occurs when an open wound extends to the site of the fracture , or when a fragment of bone protrudes through the skin |
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closed fracture (simple fracture) |
if the skin is not perforated |
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complicated fracture |
soft tissue around closed fracture is damaged |
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incomplete fracture |
does not extend completely across the bone |
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complete fracture |
the bone is broken into at least two fragments |
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greenstick fracture |
an incomplete fracture on the convex side of the curve of the bone |
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hairline fracture |
incomplete fracture in which two sections of the bone do not separate, common in the skull |
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comminuted fracture |
a complete fracture in which the bone breaks into more then two pieces |
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impacted fracture |
one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of the other fragment |
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linear fractures |
run parallel to the length of the bone |
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transverse fractures |
at right angles to the length of the bone |
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spiral fractures |
take a helical course around the bone |
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oblique fractures |
run obliquely in relation to the length of the bone |
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dentate fractures |
have rough, toothed , broken ends |
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stellate fractures |
breakage lines radiating from a central point |
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scurvy |
ulceration and hemorrage in almost every area of the body because normal collagen synthesis is not occuring in connective tissues Wound healing, which requires collagen synthesis, is hindered in patients with vitamin C deficiency. In extreme cases, the teeth fall out because the ligaments that hold them in place break down |
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fibrous joints |
the articulating surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue . They have no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses |
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joint cavity |
encloses the articular surface of the bones that meet at a synovial joint it is filled with synovial fluid |
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joint capsule |
surronds joint cavity , helps holds bone together , while still allowing for movement |
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fibrous capsule |
outer layer of joint capsule , consists of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteium |
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synovial membrane |
inner layer of the joint capsule. lines the joint cavity except over the articular cartilage and articular disks , thin and delicate consists of a collection of modified connective tisssue cells |
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synovial fluid |
a viscious lubricating film that covers the surface of a joint |
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plane joint (gliding joint) |
consists of two flat bone surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur , uniaxial ex) articular process between vertebrae |
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saddle joint |
consists of two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that their complementary surfaces articulate .Saddle joints are biaxial joints. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is an example
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hinge joint |
a uniaxial joint in which a convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone . Examples include the elbow and knee joints
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pivot joint |
a uniaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis A pivot joint consists of a relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament. The articulation between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is an example. The articulation between the dens, a process on the axis , and the atlas is another example.
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ball and socket joint |
consists of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits.This type of joint is multiaxial, allowing a wide range of movement in almost any direction. Examples are the shoulder and hip joints.
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ellipsoid joint |
is a modified ball-and-socket joint ). The articular surfaces are ellipsoid in shape, rather than spherical as in regular ball-and-socket joints. Ellipsoid joints are biaxial, because the shape of the joint limits its range of movement almost to a hinge motion in two axes and restricts rotation. The atlantooccipital joint of the neck is an example.
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shoulder joint (glenhumeral joint) |
is a ball-and-socket jointthat has less stability but more mobility than the other ball-and-socket joint, the hip. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction can all occur at the shoulder joint. The rounded head of the humerus articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
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glenoid labrum |
The rim of the glenoid cavity is built up slightly by the glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilage ring to which the joint capsule is attached
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elbow joint (cubital joint) |
a compound hinge joint . It consists of the humeroulnar joint, between the humerus and ulna, and the humeroradial joint,between the humerus and radius. The proximal radioulnar joint, between the proximal radius and ulna, is also closely related. Movement at the elbow joint is limited to flexion and extension because of the shape of the trochlear notch and its association with the trochlea of the humerus . However, the rounded radial head rotates in the radial notch of the ulna and against the capitulum of the humerus , allowing pronation and supination of the hand
The elbow joint is surrounded by a joint capsule. The humeroulnar joint is reinforced by the ulnar collateral ligament (figure 8.22c). The humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joints are reinforced by the radial collateral ligament and the radial annular ligament (figure 8.22d). A subcutaneous olecranon bursa covers the proximal and posterior surfaces of the olecranon process. |
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nurse maids elbow |
can be caused when the radial head becomes subluxated (partially separated) from the annular ligament of the radius. This can happen if a young child (usually under age 5) is lifted by one hand or swung by the arms.
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hip joint (coxal joint) |
The femoral head articulates with the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the hipbone to form the hip joint, or coxal joint . The head of the femur is more nearly a complete ball than the articulating surface of any other bone of the body. The acetabulum is deepened and strengthened by the acetabular labrum, a lip of fibrocartilage, which is incomplete inferiorly. The acetabulum is further deepened and strengthened by a transverse acetabular ligament, which crosses the acetabular notch on the inferior edge of the acetabulum. The hip is capable of a wide range of movement, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
An extremely strong joint capsule, reinforced by several ligaments, extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur (table 8.3). The iliofemoral ligament is especially strong. When standing, most people tend to thrust the hips Page 259anteriorly. This position is relaxing because the iliofemoral ligament supports much of the body’s weight. The ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament of the femur) is located inside the hip joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum. This ligament does not contribute much toward strengthening the hip joint; however, it does carry a small nutrient artery to the head of the femur in about 80% of the population. The deepened acetabular labrum, ligaments of the hip, and surrounding muscles make the hip joint much more stable but less mobile than the shoulder joint. |
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knee joint |
traditionally classified as a modified hinge joint located between the femur and the tibia . Actually, it is a complex ellipsoid joint that allows flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation of the leg. The distal end of the femur has two large, ellipsoid surfaces with a deep fossa between them. The femur articulates with the proximal end of the tibia, which is flattened and smooth laterally, with a crest called the intercondylar eminence in the center (see figure 7.35). The margins of the tibia are built up by menisci—thick, articular disks of fibrocartilage ), which deepen the articular surface. The fibula articulates only with the lateral side of the tibia, not with the femur.
The knee joint is stabilized by a combination of ligaments and tendons. The major ligaments that provide knee joint stability are the cruciate and collateral ligaments. Two ruciate ligaments extend between the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and the fossa of the femur. The anterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur, and the posterior cruciate ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia. The medial (tibial) andlateral (fibular) collateral ligaments stabilize the medial and lateral sides, respectively, of the knee. Joint strength is also provided by popliteal ligaments and tendons of the thigh muscles that extend around the knee |
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ankle joint (talocrural) |
is a highly modified hinge joint formed by the distal tibia and fibula (figure 8.25). The medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibula, which form the medial and lateral margins of the ankle, are rather extensive, whereas the anterior and posterior margins are almost nonexistent. As a result, a hinge joint is created. A fibrous capsule surrounds the joint, with the medial and lateral parts thickened to form ligaments. Other ligaments also help stabilize the joint (table 8.5).Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, and limited inversion and eversion can occur at this joint. |
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chondromalacia |
softening of the cartilage, which results from abnormal movement of the patella within the patellar groove
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fat pad syndrome |
which occurs when fluid accumulates in the fat pad posterior to the patella. Acute swelling in the knee appearing immediately after an injury is usually a sign of a hemarthrosis
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hemarthrosis |
blood accumulation within the joint cavity. A slower accumulation of fluid, “water on the knee,” may be caused by bursitis.
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The range of motion for a given joint is influenced by a number of factors:
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Shape of the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joint
Amount and shape of cartilage covering those articular surfaces Strength and location of ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint Strength and location of the muscles associated with the joint Amount of fluid in and around the joint amount of pain in and around joint amount of use of disues the joint has had over time |
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tempromandibular joint |
The mandibular condyle fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. A fibrocartilage articular disk is located between the mandible and the temporal bone, dividing the joint into superior and inferior joint cavities (figure 8.20). The joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, to which the articular disk is attached at its margin, and is strengthened by lateral and accessory ligaments.
The temporomandibular joint is a combination plane and ellipsoid joint, with the ellipsoid portion predominating. Opening of the jaw first involves the inferior cavity of the TMJ below the articular disk. The mandibular condyle rotates anteriorly on the disk in the familiar hingelike movement of the jaw. The second portion of jaw opening occurs in the superior cavity of the TMJ. The articular disk and condyle together glide anteriorly. This is similar to the motion that occurs in protraction of the mandible. In addition, mediolateral movements of the mandibular condyle allow lateral excursion, or side-to-side, motions of the jaw. Together, these movements allow chewing and grinding in mastication. |
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gliding movements |
Gliding movements are the simplest of all the types of movement. These movements occur in plane joints between two flat or nearly flat surfaces that slide or glide over each other.These joints often allow only slight movement, as occurs between carpal bones.
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angular movements |
In angular movements, one part of a linear structure, such as the trunk or a limb, bends relative to another part of the structure, thereby changing the angle between the two parts.Angular movements also involve the movement of a solid rod, such as a limb, that is attached at one end to the body so that the angle at which it meets the body changes. The most common angular movements are flexion and extension and abduction and adduction. |
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flexion |
is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together
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extension |
is a straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones. These bending and extending movements can easily be seen at the elbow and knee joints
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hyperextension |
is usually defined as extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees (figure 8.9c,d). Hyperextension can be Page 251a normal movement, such as looking up at the stars, but it can also result in injury. For example, when a person attempts to break a fall by putting out a hand, the force of the fall can result in hyperextension of the wrist, resulting in a sprained joint or broken bone.
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plantar flexion |
Movement of the foot toward the plantar surface, as when standing on the toes
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dorsiflexion |
movement of the foot toward the shin, as when walking on the heels
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abduction |
movement away from the midline |
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adduction |
movement toward the mideline |
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lateral flexion of the vetebral column |
bending at the waist to one side |
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pronation |
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to the anatomical position
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supination |
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position
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circumduction |
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (figure 8.14). It occurs at freely movable joints, such as the shoulder. In circumduction, the arm moves in an arc so that it traces a cone, with the shoulder joint at the apex of the cone, as occurs when pitching a baseball.
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lateral excursion |
moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline (figure 8.17), as occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing
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medial excursion |
returns the mandible to the midline position
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inversion |
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the outside edge of the foot (rolling out).
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eversion |
t urns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot
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