Ap Test 2

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

Our genes

Front 2

How many molecules do most human cells have?

Back 2

46

Front 3

Bases to DNA (4)

Back 3

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Front 4

DNA Base pairs

Back 4

A-T and C-G

Front 5

Essential role of DNA

Back 5

Carry instructions called genes for the synthesis of proteins

Front 6

Chromatin

Back 6

Fine, filamentous material complexed with proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Front 7

RNA

Back 7

Single helix one nucleotide chain

Front 8

3 forms of RNA

Back 8

MessengerRNA

TransferRNA

RibosomalRNA

Front 9

Base pairs of RNA

Back 9

A-U (Uracil) C-G

Front 10

Essential function of RNA

Back 10

To interpret the code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins

Front 11

Gene

Back 11

Information containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA

Front 12

46 chromosomes

Back 12

In 2 sets of 23 each, one from each parent

Front 13

Condon

Back 13

Sequence of 3 nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

Front 14

3 base sequence in mRNA

Back 14

Condon

Front 15

Genetic code expressed in

Back 15

Condons

Front 16

Protein synthesis

Back 16

When a gene is activated a mRNA is made- mirror image of a gene

Front 17

Step from DNA to RNA is called

Back 17

Transcription

Front 18

The step from mRNA to protein

Back 18

Translation

Front 19

Translation

Back 19

MRNA carries genetic code from the nucleus to cytoplasm

Front 20

Translation occurs in 3 steps

Back 20

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Front 21

Before a cell divides

Back 21

It must duplicate its DNA so it can give complete and identical copies of its genes to each daughter cell

Front 22

Some cells divide rapidly such as

Back 22

Stomach and skin cells

Front 23

Some cells divide slowly such as

Back 23

Bone and cartilage

Front 24

Some cells don't divide at all such as

Back 24

Skeletal muscle and nerve cells

Front 25

Cell divided into 4 main parts

Back 25

G1

S

G2

Mitosis

Front 26

G1

Back 26

Almost all tasks happen in G1, during this time synthesizes proteins, grows, and carries out is preordained tasks for the body

Front 27

S

Back 27

Cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA

Front 28

G2

Back 28

Checks the DNA and repairs any errors that we made

Front 29

M- mitosis

Back 29

4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 30

Heredity

Back 30

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

Front 31

Chromosomes occur in? Pairs

Back 31

23. One from each parent

Front 32

Recessive allels only expressed...

Back 32

When present on both chromosomes

Front 33

Phenotype

Back 33

Observable trait

Front 34

Histology

Back 34

Study of tissues and how they are arranged into orgns

Front 35

Primary tissue classes

Back 35

Epithelial

Nervous

Connective

Muscle

Front 36

Ectoderm

Back 36

Gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

Front 37

Endoderm

Back 37

Innermost layer of embryonic tissues

Front 38

Mesoderm

Back 38

Middle layer embryonic tissue, gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood among other tissues

Front 39

Epithelial tissue

Back 39

Covers body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of the many orgns and constitutes most glands

Front 40

Primary function of epithelial tissue

Back 40

Protection

Secretion

Excretion

Absorption

Filtration

Sensation

Front 41

Simple and pseudostratified often have

Back 41

Goblet cells associated with them and produce protective mucus coatings over mucous membrane

Front 42

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 42

Single layer of square of round cells: absorb and secrete

Front 43

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 43

Single row of thin cells: permit rapid diffusion: secrets serous fluid

Front 44

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 44

Single row of tall cells: absorb, secrete mucus

Front 45

Pseudostratified epithelium

Back 45

Looks multilayered all touch basement membrane. Secretes and propel mucus

Front 46

Stratified epithelia

Back 46

2 or more cell layers thick. Most widespread epithelium in body is stratified squamous epithelium. Come in 2 ways: keratinized or nonkeratinized

Front 47

Keratinized stratified squamous

Back 47

Epidermis

Front 48

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Back 48

Resists abrasion and penetrate of the pathogens

Front 49

Fibrous Connective tissue

Back 49

Most diverse type of Connective tissue

Front 50

Types of fibers (3)

Back 50

-loose Connective tissue

-areolar tissue

-reticular tissue

Front 51

Areolar tissue

Back 51

Found in almost every part of the body, fibers run in random directions and are mostly collagen, most abundant in body

Front 52

Reticular tissue

Back 52

Forms framework for organs such as lymph nodes, speen and thymus

Front 53

Dense Connective tissues (2)

Back 53

Dense regular tissue

Dense irregular tissue

Front 54

Dense regular tissue

Back 54

Closely packed collagen fibers that run parallel to each other, Found in tendons and ligaments

Front 55

Dense irregular tissue

Back 55

Closely packed collagen fibers that run in seemingly random directions

Front 56

Adipose tissue

Back 56

Primary energy resivoir,adipocytes are primary cell type

Front 57

2 kinds of fat in human

Back 57

White- most widespread

Brown- found in fetus and child, highly metabolic, used for heat production

Front 58

Hyaline cartilage

Back 58

At the end of long bones attach ribs to sternum

Front 59

Elastic cartilage EEE

Back 59

Flexible, Found in the epiglottis and ear

Front 60

Fibrocartalege

Back 60

Forms discs, see intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and knee menisci; resists compression and absorbs shock

Front 61

Osseous tissue that is hard, calcified Connective tissue

Back 61

Makes up the skeleton

Front 62

Spongy bone

Back 62

Fills the epiphyses of long bones and middle of flat bones

Front 63

Compact bone

Back 63

Is denser tissue that forms the external surface of all bones

Front 64

Blood primary function

Back 64

Transport of cells, nutrients, gasses and wastes

Front 65

Nervous tissue

Back 65

Specialized for forms of communication, by means of electrical and chemical signals.

Front 66

Muscle tissue

Back 66

Specialized tissue to contract when stimulated thus exerting a force on other tissues

Front 67

3 types of muscle

Back 67

Skeletal- only voluntary muscle group

Cardiac- involuntary

Smooth aka visceral muscle-forms layers in walls of hollow organs

Front 68

Cell junctions 3 types

Back 68

Tight junctions

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

Front 69

Exocrine glands

Back 69

Have ducts, secretion usually released to body surface or into another organ such as the mouth or intestines

Front 70

Endocrine glands

Back 70

Loose contact with body surface and have no ducts, secreting directly into blood

Front 71

Hyperplasia

Back 71

Tissue growth (childhood) through cell multiplication

Front 72

Hypertrophy

Back 72

Tissue growth through size (muscle)

Front 73

Damaged tissues can be repaired in 2 ways:

Back 73

Regeneration

Fibrosis

Front 74

Regeneration

Back 74

The replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before and it restores normal function to the orgn

Front 75

Fibrosis

Back 75

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts

Front 76

Atrophy

Back 76

The shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number

Front 77

Apoptosis

Back 77

"Programmed cell death" -normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way

Front 78

Integumentary system

Back 78

Consists of the skin and its accessory organs, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Front 79

Dermatology

Back 79

The scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

Front 80

Skin functions as

Back 80

Resistance to trauma and infection

Vitamin D synthesis

Sensation

Thermoregulation

Nonverbal communication

Front 81

Epidermis

Back 81

-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium,

-a vascular, get nutrition via diffusion from underlying Connective tissue

-has sparse nerve endings for touch and pain.

Front 82

Stem cells

Back 82

Found only in the stratum basale

Front 83

Keratinocytes

Back 83

The great majority of epidermal cells, role in synthesizing keratin

Front 84

Melanocytes

Back 84

Only in stratum basale, synthesize brown to black pigment melanin. Pigment shields DNA in stratum basale from UV radiation

Front 85

Tactile (Merkel) cells

Back 85

For touch, few in number, the cell and nerve fiber are called Merkel discs

Front 86

Dendric (langerhans) cells

Back 86

In stratum spinosum and stratum basale, immune cells that originate from bone marrow

Front 87

Layers of epidermis (cute little grasshoppers smell bad)

Back 87

-stratum corneum.2nd layer of epidermis

-stratum lucidum

-stratum granulosum

-stratum spinosum

-stratum basale. Deepest oldest layer

Front 88

Dermis

Back 88

Composed mainly of collagen, well supplied with blood vessels, cutaneous glands, and nerve endings

Front 89

Dermis layers

Back 89

Papillary layer- contains dermal papilae (fingerprints)

Reticular layer- deeper much thicker, dense irregular tissue, striae (stretch marks) are formed when collagen tears

Front 90

Melanin

Back 90

The most significant factor in skin color, eumelanin, pheomelanin, skin color varies on the amount and type of melanin produced, not difference in number of melaninocytes

Front 91

Red skin

Back 91

Hemoglobin in blood makes you a little more red. Erythema- abnormal red

Front 92

Orange skin

Back 92

Carotene concentrating in subcutaneous fat

Front 93

Blue skin

Back 93

Cyanosis from a lack of o2 in blood changing Hgb

Front 94

White, pallor skin

Back 94

Decreased blood flow, albinism- genetic lack of pigment

Front 95

Yellow skin

Back 95

Jaundice, high levels of bilirubin in the blood, liver disease

Front 96

Bruise

Back 96

Hematoma as a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin

Front 97

Hair

Back 97

Composed mostly of dead keratinized cells, arrector pili- smooth muscles that extend from dermal collagen fibers to the CT sheath of the hair follicle

Front 98

Nails

Back 98

Clear, hard derivatives of the stratum corneum, hard part of nail is Nail Plate

Front 99

Glands

Back 99

Sudoriferous glands, sweat glands 2 types

Front 100

2 sweat glands types

Back 100

Apocrine

Merocrine/eccrine

Front 101

Sebaceous glands

Back 101

Secrete sebum (oil substance)

Front 102

Ceruminous glands

Back 102

Secrete cerumen (earwax)

Front 103

Mammary glands

Back 103

Secrete milk, Found in breasts; modified apocrine sweat glands

Front 104

Skin cancer

Back 104

Most common in head, kneck, places sun sees often

Front 105

Abcd rule for recognize skin cancer

Back 105

-Asymmetry, one side different from other

-Border irregularity: contour is not uniform but wavy

-Color; often a mix of brown tan red black

-Diameter; greater than 6mm

Front 106

3 types skin cancer

Back 106

-basale cell carcinoma- most common type

-squamous cell carcinoma- arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

-melanoma- arises from melanocytes; extremely aggressive

Front 107

Burns

Back 107

First- only in epidermis

Second- epidermis and part dermis

Third-dermis and deeper tissue