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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All of the plasma proteins (except for one group) are made by: |
Peptide liver |
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These proteins orchestrate the proper folding of new peptides. |
Chaperone |
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Neurotransmitters are released by |
Neurons |
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A type of RNA that associates directly with the amino acid |
Transfer |
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Travel relatively long distances to have their effect |
Hormones |
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A gene activating chemical that binds to the "promoter" portion of a gene in order to turn on the gene |
Transcription factor |
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Large molecules composed of DNA and proteins on which are found many genes |
Chromosomes |
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Structural proteins |
Collagen Elastin Keratin Tubulin |
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Examples of contractile proteins |
Actin and myosin |
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Type of covalent bond holding amino acids together |
Peptide bond |
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Destroying a protein's function by changing its shape |
Denaturation |
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Where does transcription take place |
Nucleus |
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Massive abdominal edema as seen with liver failure is known as: |
Ascites |
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Where does translation take place? |
Cytoplasm |
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These digest proteins |
Protease |
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The apoenzyme plus the cofactor are known as: |
Holoenzyme |
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A type of RNA which brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be added to the growing polypeptide chain |
Transfer |
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A sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that carry the code for a polypeptide chain |
Gene |
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The rules or process by which base triplets (3 DNA base sequence) code for a specific 3 mRNA bases which code for 3 tRNA bases which carry a specific amino acid |
Genetic code |
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A protein that carries many compounds throughout the body |
Albumen |
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Proteins made by lymphocytes. Stimulate the immune system. |
Interleukins |
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Endogenous opiates that reduce pain and cause the "runners high" |
Endorphins |
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These proteins mark the cells as "self" so the immune system can tell the difference between self and non-self and attack anything non-self |
Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) |
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A protein described as two or more polypeptides combined |
Quaternary |
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Enzyme responsible for regulating messenger RNA synthesis |
RNA polymerase |
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A type of protein which is opened/closed by changes in membrane charge |
Voltage-gated channels |
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Proteins that carry compounds throughout the body belong to this group: |
Transport |
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A type of protein which is opened/closed by the attachment/release of specific molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc) |
Ligand-gated channels |
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How many different proteins are found in the blood's plasma? |
About 2000 |
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Made by leukocytes and fibroblasts, help the immune cells attack viruses and cancer cells |
Interferons |
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Proteins described as a tangled mass of threads |
Globular |
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Major component of cartilage |
Chondroitin sulfate |
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Major component of cartilage |
Chondroitin sulfate |
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During DNA replication, which bonds break to allow the opening of the DNA molecule |
Hydrogen |
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Major component of cartilage |
Chondroitin sulfate |
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During DNA replication, which bonds break to allow the opening of the DNA molecule |
Hydrogen |
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Enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another molecule |
Kinase |
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Proteins which automatically destroy anything attached to antibodies |
Complement |
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Purines |
Adenine and guanine |
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Proteins in membranes necessary for functioning of hormones and neurotransmitters |
Receptors |
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The compound on which an enzyme acts |
Substrate |
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These digest lipids |
Lipase |
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How nucleotide base pairs bond to each other |
Complementary base pairing |
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What percentage of chromatin is composed of RNA |
10% |
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Proteins + carbohydrates |
Glycoproteins |
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Polysaccharides with amines attached |
Mucopolysaccharide |
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Which cells produce interferons? |
Leukocytes and fibroblasts |
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Proteins described as long thin strands |
Fibrous |
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Protein shape that resembles a spring-like coil |
Alpha helix |
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A 5 carbon sugar is known as |
Pentose |
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Scientists that discovered the 3D architecture of DNA |
Watson and Crick |
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Proteins that cause movement |
Contractile |
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Pyrimidines |
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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On what type of RNA are anticodons found? |
Transfer |
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Compound which lubricates joints |
Hyaluronic acid |
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Protein catalysts are known as |
Enzymes |
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Enzyme responsible for regulating DNA synthesis |
DNA polymerase |
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Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some sulfur. |
Proteins |
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Proteins which mark foreign substances for destruction by the immune system |
Antibodies |
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A gene carries the code, or recipe, for: |
Polypeptide |
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An enzyme that adds a water molecule during hydrolysis reactions |
Hydrolase |
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An enzyme that adds a water molecule during hydrolysis reactions |
Hydrolase |
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During which phase of mitosis do the aster fibers disappear? |
Telophase |
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During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane reappear? |
Telophase |
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What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle |
DNA Replication |
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What are made during the G2 phase of the cell cycle? |
Enzymes |
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During what phase of the cell cycle are organelles duplicated in preparation for cell division? |
G1 |
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The protein ring that binds the two halves of the duplicated chromosome together |
Centromere |
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Each copy of a duplicated chromosome is known as... |
Chromatid |
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During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes condense and become visible as individuals? |
Prophase |
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Special protein fibers that anchor the poles in the cytoplasm |
Asters |
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Division of the cytoplasm |
Cytokinesis |
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During which phase of mitosis do the nucleoli disappear? |
Prophase |
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An imaginary line on which centromeres and chromosomes line up during the cell cycle |
metaphase plate |
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Special protein fibers that connect the poles (centrioles) to the sister chromatids |
Spindle Fibers |
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During which phase of mitosis do the centromeres line up along the plate |
Metaphase |
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During which phase of mitosis do the spindle fibers appear? |
Prophase |
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During which phase of mitosis do the spindle fibers disappear? |
Telophase |
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During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disappear? |
Prophase |
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During which phase of mitosis do the nucleoli reappear |
telophase |
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Stage of mitosis in which the cell is preparing for division |
Interphase |
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During which part of interphase are enzymes produced in preparation for cell division? |
G2 |
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Division of the cytoplasm resulting in 2 new cells |
Cytokinesis |
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During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate? |
Anaphase |
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During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes unwind and are no longer visible as individuals? |
Telophase |
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During which phase of interphase are chromosomes duplicated? |
S |
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Normal epithelium found in the bronchi? |
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
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Another name for apoptosis |
autolysis |
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For the oocyte, the outer glycoprotein "shell" is known as: |
zona pellucida |
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The gamete from which parent contributes the mitochondria and the mitochondrial DNA? |
Mother |
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A term that means the increase in the number of cells (due to an increase in cell division) |
Hyperplasia |
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A fertilized oocyte is known as the: |
Zygote |
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The study of tissues |
Histology |
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A term that means an increase in size without an increase in cell numbers |
Hypertrophy |
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At what stage of embryonic development do the 3 germs layers develop |
Emryonic disc |
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A condition in which a cell contains two full sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father |
Diploid |
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A type of cell division that produces spermatozoa or oocytes |
Meiosis |
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How old is the human embryo when it implants into the walls of the uterus |
6 days |
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A posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater (not the spinal cord) is forced out of it's normal position, often resulting in a very large fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine. |
meningocele |
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For an embryo, a hollow ball of cells is known as |
blastula |
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Once the oocyte is fertilized, which is the primary form of cell division |
mitosis |
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For an embryo, the solid ball of cells (appx 16 cells for humans) is known as the |
morula |
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In a blastocyst, the outermost cells give rise to |
the placenta |
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The body's response to cellular and tissue damage in which capillaries are dilated with accompanying swelling |
inflammation |
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The development of specialized function in non-specialized cells |
differentiation |
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A posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater, as well as the spinal cord, are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large, fluid filled sac on the baby's spine |
myelomeningocele |
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In a blastocyst, what does the inner most cell mass give rise to? |
The embryo |
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Which of the germ layers gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract? |
endoderm |
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Which of the germ layers gives rise to the epidermis of the skin? |
Ectoderm |
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Appx how old is the human embryo when it becomes a solid ball of cells |
3 days |
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At what stage of embryonic development is the embryo when it implant into the uterine wall |
Blastocyst |
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A condition in which a cell contains half the number of chromosomes as compared to somatic cells |
Haploid |
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The replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue scarring is known as |
Fibrosis |
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Which of the germ layers gives rise to the central nervous system |
ectoderm |
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A structure in which capillaries infiltrate a site to replace a clot |
granulation tissue |
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Which germ layer gives rise to most of the glands |
Endoderm |
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The replacement of damaged tissue with normal tissue |
Regeneration |
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Which of the germ layers gives rise to connective tissue |
mesoderm |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the muscles |
mesoderm |
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In a blastocyst, the outermost cells are called |
trophoblasts |
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The process by which the epithelium of the bronchi change from normal pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous is known as |
metplasia |
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A posterior neural tube closure defect that may cause damage and may be indicated by a tuft of hair growing in the lower lumbar/sacral skin over the spinal cord |
Spina Bifida occulata |
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Smoking often changes the normal epithelium of the bronchi into |
stratified squamous epithelium |
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Which of the germ layers gives rise to the mesnchyme |
Mesoderm |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the posterior pituitary gland |
Ectoderm |
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Low layers of this protein may indicate NTD's |
Alpha fetal protein |
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Term that indicated a reduction in size |
Atrophy |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the cortex of the adrenal gland |
Mesoderm |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the medulla of the adrenal gland |
Ectoerm |
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An anterior neural tube closure defect in which the cerebrum (cerebral cortex is most of what we know as the brain) fails to develop resulting in a very large defect of the skull and the absence of most of, or all, of the cerebral cortex |
Anencephaly |
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tissue death |
Necrosis |
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A type of nuclear (cell) division in which the daughter cells have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cells |
Mitosis |
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A process by which one adult cell type changes to another adult cell type |
metaplasia |
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In the blastocyst, which structure gives rise to the placenta |
trophoblasts |
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A term that refers to embryonic connective tissue |
Mesenchyme |
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Cell division that produces germ cells |
Meiosis |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord |
Ectoderm |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the bones |
Mesoderm |
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The gamete from which parent contributes all the organelles to the embryo |
Mother |
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What type of tissue comprises the epithelium of the vagina after puberty |
Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Tissue death due to loss of blood flow |
ischemic necrosis |
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Process by which the pediatric vaginal epithelium changes from simple cuboidal to stratified squamous epithelium after puberty |
Metaplasia |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the dermis of the skin |
Mesoderm |
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How many cells are in the embryo at the morula stage |
16 |
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How old is the embryo when it becomes a hollow ball of cells |
5 days |
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Tissue comprising the epithelium of the vagina before puberty |
Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the lungs |
Endoderm |
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Germ layer gives rise to the liver, pancreas, etc. |
Endoderm |
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Maternal dietary deficiency which increase the risk of spina bifida in the baby |
Folic acid or folate |
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Germ layer gives rise to the gonads |
Mesoderm |
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Germ layer gives rise to the anterior pituitary gland |
Endoderm |
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Tissue death due to a loss of blood flow with a sudden onset |
Infarction |
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Cell division that produces regular diploid cells known as somatic cells |
Mitosis |
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In the blastocyst, the structure that gives rise to the embryo proper |
inner cell mass |
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Germ layer that gives rise to the sensory tissue |
Ectoderm |
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Term that indicated the ability of a cell to give rise to an entire organism |
totipotent |
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Term that means loss of blood flow |
Ischemia |
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Study of cells |
cytology |
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Cancer derived from pigment forming cells of the skin |
Melanoma |
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Cancer derived from pigment forming cells of the skin |
Melanoma |
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Cancerous growth gene |
Oncogene |
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Cancer derived from pigment forming cells of the skin |
Melanoma |
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Cancerous growth gene |
Oncogene |
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Genes that normally control growth |
Protooncogenes |
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Mutated form of growth genes that results in tumor formation |
Oncogenes |
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Type of cancer that is derived from connective tissue |
Sarcoma |
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Type of cancer that is derived from connective tissue |
Sarcoma |
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Condition in which cells de-differentiate and cell division continues uncontrolled |
Cancer |
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Ras is an example of an: |
Oncogene |
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From which major tissue type are carcinomas derived |
Epithelia |
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The study of tumors or cancer |
Oncology |
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The process by which cells, normally anchored in place, are able to break away and inhabit another area of the body |
Metastasis |
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p53 is an example of: |
Tumor suppressor gene |
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p53 is an example of: |
Tumor suppressor gene |
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Mutation of these tumor suppressor genes cause breast cancer |
BRCA1 and BRCA2 |
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A compound that stimulates cell division and growth |
Growth factor |
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The transmission of a chemical message from the cell membrane deep within the cell |
Signal transduction |
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Mutation of this tumor suppressor gene causes a cancer in the eye |
Rb |
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Mutation of this tumor suppressor gene causes a cancer in the eye |
Rb |
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A growth factor, for which a mutation in the gene that codes for its receptor has been associated with lung cancer |
Epidermal growth factor |
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A gene (or its product) which turn off mitosis in order to control the division of potentially damaged cells |
Tumor suppressor genes |
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Embryonic connective tissue |
Mesenchyme |
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A cancer of the eye caused by a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene |
Retinoblastoma |
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BRCA1 is an example of: |
Tumor suppressor gene |
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A type of cancer derived from the mesenchyme |
Sarcoma |
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erbB2 is an example of |
Oncogene |
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This specific gene is mutated in over 25% of human cancers |
ras |
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Anticoagulant |
Heparin |
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Hormone like compounds that regulate growth and development |
Cytokines |
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Sequence of 3 nucleotide bases on the transfer RNA which matches a complementary strand on the messenger RNA |
Anticodon |
