A&p Test 2

Front 1

Epithelial Tissue

Back 1

A layer of cells that forms a superficial covering or an internal lining of a body cavity or vessel

Front 2

Histology

Back 2

Study of tissues

Front 3

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

Back 3

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Front 4

Tissues

Back 4

Collections of similar cells and cell products that perform a limited # of specialized functions

Front 5

Epithelia

Back 5

Cellular layers of different types that cover exposed surfaces and line internal cavities and passageways. They don’t have blood vessels and often contain secretory cells, or gland cells, scattered among the other cell types.

Front 6

Glands

Back 6

Organized groups of cells or organs that contain epithelial-derived cells that synthesize substances for secretion there are two types.

Front 7

Exocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands

Back 7

What are the two types of glands

Front 8

Exocrine Glands

Back 8

Secrete onto external surfaces or into internal passageways (ducts) that connect to the exterior.

Front 9

Endocrine Glands

Back 9

Secrete hormones (chemical messengers) or their inactive precursors (prohormones) into the interstitial fluid that then enter the bloodstream for distribution.

Front 10

Provide physical protection

Control permeability

Provide sensation

Produce specialized secretions

Back 10

What are the functions of Epithelial tissue?

Front 11

Neuroepithelium

Back 11

A sensory epithelium found in special sense organs that provide the sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing

Front 12

The Basement Membrane

Back 12

A noncellular structure produced by the basal surface of the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue

Front 13

Basal lamina

Back 13

Is an amorphous later that contains glycoproteins. It’s produced by the adjacent layer of epithelial cells.

Front 14

Reticular lamina

Back 14

Contains reticular protein fibers and ground substances secreted by the underlying connective tissue cells. It gives basement membrane it’s strength and acts as a filter that restricts diffusion between adjacent tissues and the epithelium

Front 15

Hemidesmosomes

Back 15

Attach the deepest epithelial cells to the basement membrane. At hemidesmosome, the basal cytoskeleton is locked to peripheral proteins that are firmly attached to a layer of extracellular protein filaments and fibers.

Front 16

Avascular

Back 16

Lack blood vessels

Front 17

Yes

Back 17

Are epithelia avascular?

Front 18

Squamous Epithelium

Back 18

Thin, flat, and somewhat irregularly shaped, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Form the surface, the cells resemble fried eggs laid side by side. In sectional view, the disc-shaped nucleus occupies the thickest portion of each cell.

Front 19

Simple epithelium

Back 19

Only one layer of cells is present

Front 20

Stratified epithelium

Back 20

Contains several layers of cells

Front 21

Endothelium

Back 21

Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all the blood vessels

Front 22

Apical

Back 22

What kind of surface does an epithelium have?

Front 23

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 23

Generally located where physical or chemical stresses are severe. The cells form a series of layer, like the layers in a sheet of plywood. They form the surface of the skin and line the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina.

Front 24

Keratinized

Back 24

Superficial layer that is both tough and water resistant

Front 25

Nonkeratinized

Back 25

Stratified squamous epithelium resists abrasion but will dry out and deteriorate unless kept moist. Are found in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina

Front 26

Cuboidal epithelium

Back 26

Resemble hexagonal boxes. The spherical nuclei are near the center of each cell, and the distance between adjacent nuclei is roughly equal to the height of the epithelium.

Front 27

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 27

Provides limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption takes place. Such an Epithelium lines portions of the kidney tubules. They also like secretory chambers in the thyroid gland.

Front 28

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Back 28

Body’s most delicate type of epithelium. This type of epithelium is located in protected regions where absorption or diffusion takes place or where a slick, slippery surface reduces friction. Found along passageways in the kidneys, inside the eye, and at gas exchange surfaces(aveoli) of the lungs.

Front 29

Transitional epithelium

Back 29

Is an unusual stratified epithelium. Unlike most epithelia, it tolerates repeated cycles of stretching without damage. The appearance of the epithelium changes as stretching occurs. It lines the urinary bladder, the ureters, and the urine-collecting chambers within the kidneys, where large changes in volume occur.

Front 30

Columnar epithelium

Back 30

Appear rectangular. In reality, the densely packed cells are hexagonal, but they are taller and more slender than cells in a cuboidal epithelium. The elongated nuclei are crowded into a narrow band close to the basement membrane. The height of the epithelium is several times the distance between adjacent nuclei

Front 31

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 31

Generally located where physical or chemical stresses are severe. The cells form a series of layer, like the layers in a sheet of plywood. They form the surface of the skin and line the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina.

Front 32

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 32

Includes several types of cells with varying shapes and functions. The distance between the cell nuclei and the exposed surface vary, so the epithelium appears to be layered, or stratified. It is not truly stratified, however because every epithelial cell contacts the basement membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells typically have motile cilia. They line the nasal cavities, the trachea, and larger airways of the lungs and are also found along portions of the male reproductive tract.

Front 33

Apical surface

Back 33

Faces the exterior of the body or some internal space and a base, which is attached to adjacent tissues.

Front 34

Stratified columnar epithelia

Back 34

Not widely distributed in the body. These epithelia may have 2 or more layers. Only the superficial cells are columnar in shape. They are most often found lining the large ducts such as those of the salivary glands or pancreas.

Front 35

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 35

Provides limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption takes place. Such an Epithelium lines portions of the kidney tubules. They also like secretory chambers in the thyroid gland.

Front 36

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 36

Are relatively rare. They are located along the ducts of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of the mammary glands.

Front 37

Transitional epithelium

Back 37

Is an unusual stratified epithelium. Unlike most epithelia, it tolerates repeated cycles of stretching without damage. The appearance of the epithelium changes as stretching occurs. It lines the urinary bladder, the ureters, and the urine-collecting chambers within the kidneys, where large changes in volume occur.

Front 38

Ducts

Back 38

Passageways that open onto an epithelial surface.

Front 39

Simple columnar Epithelium

Back 39

Typically found where absorption or secretion take place, as in the small intestine. These epithelia also line the stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and ducts within the kidneys. These cells may have microvilli, which increase surface area for absorption, or motile cilia they move substances across the apical surface. In the stomach and intestinal tract, simple columnar epithelia secretions protect underlying tissues against chemicals involved with digestion.

Front 40

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 40

Includes several types of cells with varying shapes and functions. The distance between the cell nuclei and the exposed surface vary, so the epithelium appears to be layered, or stratified. It is not truly stratified, however because every epithelial cell contacts the basement membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells typically have motile cilia. They line the nasal cavities, the trachea, and larger airways of the lungs and are also found along portions of the male reproductive tract.

Front 41

Stratified columnar epithelia

Back 41

Not widely distributed in the body. These epithelia may have 2 or more layers. Only the superficial cells are columnar in shape. They are most often found lining the large ducts such as those of the salivary glands or pancreas.

Front 42

Apocrine secretion

Back 42

Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product. The apical portion of the cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles and is then shed. Milk production in the mammary glands involves a combination of merocrine and apocrine secretions.

Front 43

Holocrine secretion

Back 43

Destroys the gland cell. The entire cell becomes pack with the secretory products and the burst, releasing the secretion killing the cell. Further secretion depends on the replacement of the destroyed cells through stem cell division. Sebaceous glands, associated with hair follicles, produce an oily coating by mean of holocrine secretion.

Front 44

Base

Back 44

Is attached to adjacent tissues

Front 45

Multicellular exocrine galnds

Back 45

The structure of the duct, the shape of the secretory area of the gland, and the relationship between the duct and the secretory areas.

Front 46

Merocrine secretion

Back 46

The product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis. The most common mode of exocrine secretion.

Front 47

Compound gland

Back 47

The duct divides one or more times on its way to the gland cells

Front 48

Alveolar/ acinar

Back 48

Glands whose glandar cells form sac-like pockets

Front 49

Apocrine secretion

Back 49

Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product. The apical portion of the cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles and is then shed. Milk production in the mammary glands involves a combination of merocrine and apocrine secretions.

Front 50

Holocrine secretion

Back 50

Destroys the gland cell. The entire cell becomes pack with the secretory products and the burst, releasing the secretion killing the cell. Further secretion depends on the replacement of the destroyed cells through stem cell division. Sebaceous glands, associated with hair follicles, produce an oily coating by mean of holocrine secretion.

Front 51

Connective tissue

Back 51

Occur through the body but are never exposed to the outside environment. Many types of ____ are highly vascular and contain sensory receptors that detect pain, pressure, temperature, and other stimuli

Front 52

Connective tissue proper

Back 52

Includes those connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance.

Front 53

Loose

Dense

Back 53

What are the two types of connective tissue proper

Front 54

Loose connective tissue proper

Back 54

Fibers create loose, open framework. Areolar tissue. Adipose tissue, reticular tissue

Front 55

Polarity

Back 55

Refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces

Front 56

Sense connective tissue proper

Back 56

Fibers densely packed. Dense regular. Dense irregular. Elastic

Front 57

Fluid connective tissue

Back 57

Have distinct populations of cells suspended in a watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins.

Front 58

Blood

Lymph

Back 58

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue

Front 59

Blood

Back 59

Flows within cardiovascular system

Front 60

Lymph

Back 60

Flows within lymphatic system

Front 61

Supporting connective tissue

Back 61

Differ from connective tissue proper in having a less diverse cell population and a matrix containing much more densely packed fibers. Supporting connective tissues protect soft tissues and support the weight of part or all of the body.

Front 62

Cartilage

Bone

Back 62

What are the two types of supporting connective tissues

Front 63

Cartilage

Back 63

Solid, rubbery matrix. Hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage. Fibrocartilage.

Front 64

Bone

Back 64

Solid, crystalline matrix

Front 65

Areolar tissue

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

Back 65

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

Front 66

Lumen

Back 66

A passageway

Front 67

Areolar tissue

Back 67

Is the least specialized and most common form of connective tissue proper in adults. It’s the general packing material in the body. All of the cell types found in other forms of connective tissue proper can be found in this tissue

Front 68

Mast cells

Back 68

Fixed cells that’s stimulate local inflammation and mobilize tissue defenses

Front 69

Fibroblast

Back 69

Secrete hyaluronic acid and proteins that form the ground substance and create the extracellular fibers.

Front 70

Fibrocytes

Back 70

Differentiate from fibroblasts and maintain the extracellular fibers.

Front 71

Melanocytes

Back 71

Pigment cells that synthesize melanin, a brownish yellow pigment.

Front 72

Adipocytes

Back 72

(Fat cells) are fixed cells that store lipids in large intracellular vesicles.

Front 73

Plasma cells

Back 73

Are active, mobile immune cells that produce antibodies.

Front 74

Mesenchymal cells

Back 74

Are mobile stem cells that repair damaged tissues.

Front 75

Lymphocytes

Back 75

Are mobile cells of the immune system.

Front 76

Adipose tissue

Back 76

Is found deep to the skin, especially at the flanks, buttocks, and breasts. It also forms a layer that provides padding within the orbit of the eyes, in the abdominopelvic cavity, and around the kidneys. The distinction between areolar tissue and ____ is somewhat arbitrary. Adipocytes account for most of the volume of _____, but only a fraction of the volume of areolar tissue.

Front 77

Basolateral surfaces

Back 77

Include both the base, where the cell attaches to the underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues, and the sides, where the cell contacts its neighbors.

Front 78

Reticular tissue

Back 78

Is found in the liver, kidneys, spleen spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, where it forms a tough,flexible network that provide support and resists distortion. In ____, reticular fibers create a complex 3- dimensional supporting network know as a strops.

Front 79

Dense regular connective tissue

Back 79

Is found in the cords (tendons) or sheets connecting skeletal muscles to bone, and in cords(ligaments) that interconnect bones or stabilize the positions of internal organs. The forces applied to these cords and sheets arrive from a consistent direction:parallel to the long axis of the collagen fibers.

Front 80

Adipose tissue

Back 80

Is found deep to the skin, especially at the flanks, buttocks, and breasts. It also forms a layer that provides padding within the orbit of the eyes, in the abdominopelvic cavity, and around the kidneys. The distinction between areolar tissue and ____ is somewhat arbitrary. Adipocytes account for most of the volume of _____, but only a fraction of the volume of areolar tissue.

Front 81

Reticular tissue

Back 81

Is found in the liver, kidneys, spleen spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, where it forms a tough,flexible network that provide support and resists distortion. In ____, reticular fibers create a complex 3- dimensional supporting network know as a strops.

Front 82

Dense regular connective tissue

Back 82

Is found in the cords (tendons) or sheets connecting skeletal muscles to bone, and in cords(ligaments) that interconnect bones or stabilize the positions of internal organs. The forces applied to these cords and sheets arrive from a consistent direction:parallel to the long axis of the collagen fibers.

Front 83

Simple epithelium

Back 83

Only one layer of cells is present

Front 84

Dense irregular connective tissue

Back 84

The fibers form an interwoven meshwork in no consistent pattern. These tissues strengthen and support areas subjected to stresses from many directions. _____ forms 1. A covering or capsule, that sheathes visceral organs. 2. A superficial layer covering bones, cartilages, and peripheral nerves; and 3. A thick supporting layer in the skin (the dermis)

Front 85

Elastic tissue

Back 85

Found between vertebrae of the spinal column, in the walls of large blood vessels, in ligaments supporting transitional epithelia, and the erectile tissue of the penis.

Front 86

Red blood cells

Back 86

Formed elements that transport oxygen (and, to a lesser degree, carbon dioxide) in the blood. They account for roughly half the volume of whole blood and give blood it’s color

Front 87

White blood cells

Back 87

Are formed elements that help defend the body from infections and disease

Front 88

Monocytes

Back 88

Are phagocytes similar to the free macrophages in other tissues.

Front 89

Lymphocytes

Back 89

Are uncommon in the blood, but they are the dominant cell type in lymph, the second type of fluid connective tissue. Jwje

Front 90

Hyaline cartilage

Back 90

Is found between the tips of the ribs and the bones of the sternum covering bone surfaces at movable joints, supporting the respiratory passageways, and forming part of the nasal septum. It provides stuff but somewhat flexible support and reduces friction between bony surfaces.

Front 91

Elastic cartilage

Back 91

Supports the external war and a number of smaller internal structures. It’s numerous elastic fibers allow it to distort without damage and return to its original shape.

Front 92

Fibrocartilage

Back 92

Is extremely durable and tough because it has little ground substance and it’s matrix is dominated by densely interwoven collagen fibers. ____ pads are found within the knee joints, between the pubic bones of the pelvis and in the intervertebral discs of the vertebral column. It resists compression prevents bone to bone contact and limits relative movement.

Front 93

Appositional growth

Back 93

Adds new layers of cartilage to the surface

Front 94

Appositional growth

Back 94

Adds new layers of cartilage to the surface

Front 95

Interstitial growth

Back 95

Enlarged the cartilage from within

Front 96

Appositional growth

Back 96

Adds new layers of cartilage to the surface

Front 97

Interstitial growth

Back 97

Enlarged the cartilage from within