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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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categorical data defintion |
data with labels as values (non-numerical) |
ex: male/female, color, dog breed, class subject, etc |
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quantitative data defintion |
data that is of a measurable quantity |
ex: population, grams, seconds, height, etc. |
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ogive graph |
cumulative frequency distribution graph |
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symmetric graph |
has peaks and dips that are centered |
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skewed right |
a graph where the mean is greater than the median |
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skewed left |
a graph where the mean is less than the median |
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measures of center
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mean, median, mode |
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measures of spread |
q1, q3, IQR, range, standard deviation |
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measures of shape |
unimodal, bimodal, multimodal, skewed, uniform, bell-shaped |
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mean |
the average: (x + y) / n |
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median |
the middle value in an ordered data list |
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interquartile range |
IQR = q3 − q1 |
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outlier |
lower: q1 − 1.5 (IQR) higher: q3 + 1.5 (IQR) |
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resistant |
relatively unaffected by outliers |
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empirical rule |
68 - 95 - 99.7 rule |
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standard normal distribution z-score |
z-score = (x − µ) / δ |
denotes how many standard deviations away from the mean |
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rules of means and variances |
y = bx +a δ²y = b² x² |
only the mean is affected by addition/subtraction variance = δ² |
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correlation of determination |
gives proportion of how much variation can be determined by the model |
r² value |
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correlation coefficient |
measures strength of association (from -1 to 0 to 1) |
r value |
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residual |
residual = observed − predicted y − λ |
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description of scatter plot |
form, direction, strength |
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correlation |
a linear relationship between two variables (only linear relationship) |
association = two variable relationship |
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ways to determine appropriateness
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look at the scatterplot of x vs. y look at the plot of residual y vs. x, looking for a pattern or random distribution of points |
whether or not the relationship should be used |
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ways to determine goodness of fit |
look at the correlation coefficient look at the coefficient of determination |
how accurately it fits the model numerically |
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what relationship needs to be linear for an exponential relationship |
log (y) vs. x |
log (y) = a + bx |
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what relationship needs to be linear for a power relationship |
log (y) vs. log (x) |
log (y) - a + b*log (x) |
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what relationship needs to be linear for a quadratic relationship |
√(y) vs. x
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marginal frequencies |
total frequencies for each row or column in a two way table |
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marginal distributions |
marginal frequencies / table total |
the bigger version of conditional relative frequencies |
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conditional relative frequencies |
individual cell count / row or column total |
the smaller version of marginal distributions |
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notation for conditional distributions |
P (A|B) = x |
given A and B as categories in a two way table |
