Ap Psychology Unit 5 States Of Consciousness

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Cognition

Back 1

our mental processes

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Conciousness

Back 2

is our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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Dual Processing

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we have a two track mind

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Selective Attention

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directs the spotlight of our awareness allowing us to assemble information from many sources

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Circadian Rhythm

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Cycle of body rhythm (sleep wake cycle)
our body roughly syncs with the 24 hour clock of day and high through our biological clock

body temperatures rise as we wake and drop when we go to sleep
thinking is at its sharpest when we are at our peak circadian arousal

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Surprachiasmatic nucleus

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a pair of small cell clusters in the hypothalamus
it causes the brains pineal gland to decrease its production of sleep inducing hormones ( melatonin) in the morning and increasing it at night

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light and its affect on sleep

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Bright light delays our sleep thus resetting our biological clock when we stay up late and sleep in on weekends
Artificial Light delays sleep
Our body is set for a 25 hour clock

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REM Cycle

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every 90 minute
rapid eye movement sleep
its a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but our other body systems are active

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Alpha Waves

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the relatively slow brian waves of a relaxed awake state, right when you close your eyes to sleep

8-12 cps

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Sleep

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a periodic natural loss of consciousness as a distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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Hallucinations

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false sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Sleep stage 2

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hypnagogic sensations

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sensation where you feel like your falling

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sleep spindles

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Stage 2 of sleep
20 minutes long begin to relax more
burst of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity

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delta waves

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Where your brain emits large slow waves
Stage 3 and 4 ( more in stage 4 over 50%)
last for about 30 minutes
hard to awaken from this stage

>4 cps

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NREM

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non rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM cycles

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REM sleep

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about an hour after you fall asleep you enter REM sleep; you return to stages 3 and 3 ( where you spend most of your night) for about 10 minutes your brain waves become raid more like when your nearly awake but instead your heart rate rises and your breathing becomes irregular

REM sleep is the most likely to have scary dreams (this is when genital can become aroused)

your brainstem blocks messages to your brains motor cortex and you are essentially paralyzed and you cannot be easily awakened

Rapid eye movement= beginning of a dream ( 80% of time people dream)

repeats every 90 minutes

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Sleep Patterns

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not everyone needs 8 hours of sleep
babies need to spend 2/3 of day sleeping
They may be genetically influenced or culturally influenced
most adults will sleep 9 hours uninterrupted

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sleep deprivation

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alters our metabolism and hormones
can suppress immune system
makes us less productive and efficient

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Sleep Theories

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Sleep protects - safer when we hid and sleep
Sleep helps us recuperate- it restores and repairs brain tissue ( sleeping gives resting neurons time to repair themselves)
Sleep helps us make memories- for restoring and rebuilding our fading memories of the days experience; people tend to recall task better after a nights sleep
Sleep helps feed creative sleeping- dreams have inspired noteworthy literary, artistic, and scientific achievements
Sleep may play a role in growth process- during sleep the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone

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insomnia

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not an occasional inability to sleep when anxious or excited but a persistent problem in falling or staying asleep

(they typically overestimate time it takes to sleep and underestimate time they slept)

the most common quick fixes are sleeping pills and alcohol but those can aggravate the problem

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Ways to Help Insomnia

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Exercise
avoid caffeine and rich foods before bedtime
relax before bedtime
hide the clock
sleep on a regular schedule
settle for less sleep

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Narcolepsy

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suffers from periodic overwhelming sleepiness
attack usually last for about 5 minutes

Comes from a relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces orexin ( hypocretin a neurotransmitter linked to alertness

Its a brain disease solutions include having a drug that mimics the missing orexin

they fall into REM sleep immediately

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Sleep apnea

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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

increased traffic accidents, they stop breathing in their sleep

associated with obesity

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Night Terrors

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sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep within two or three hours of sleep and are seldom remembered.
During REM Sleep

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Sleepwalking

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another stage 4 sleep disorder
children are most prone
genetic
a grow older they tend to disappear

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Dreams

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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamers delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

Very vivid and we may confuse them with reality

Most people say that they had one negative emotion or event in their dreams

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Manifest content

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dreams that have incorporated traces of the previous days nonsexual experiences and preoccupations

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Latent Content

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according to Freud the remembered story line of a dream ( distinct from its it hidden content)
unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly

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Why we dream

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to satisfy our own wishes
to file away memories - information processing
to develop and preserve neural pathways
to make sense of neural static
to reflect cognitive development

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Activation synthesis Theory

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the neural activity is random and dreams are the brains attempt to make sense of it

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Freuds wish-fulfilment

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dreams provide a place for expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings

lacks critical support dreams can be interpreted in different ways

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information - processing dream theory

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dreams help us sort out the days event and consolidate our memories

criticism- we sometimes dream about things we havent experienced

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physiological function theory of dreams

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regular brain stimulation from REM cycle may help develop and preserve neural pathways

doesn't explain why we have meaningful dreams

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cognitive development

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dream content reflects dreamers cognitive development their knowledge and understanding

doesn't address the neuroscience of dreams

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REM rebound

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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REm sleep deprivation (created from repeated awakenings during REM cycle)

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hypnosis

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a social interaction in which one person ( the hypnotist) suggests to another ( the subject) that certain behavior, perceptions, feelings, or thoughts will spontaneously occur

state of conscious in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

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hypnotic ability

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the ability to focus attention totally on a task

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posthypnotic suggestion

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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

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social influence theory

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contends that hypnotic phenomena like behaviors associated with other supposed altered states such as a dissociative identity disorder and spirit or demon possession are an extension if everyday behavior not something unique to hypnosis

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disassociation

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a split consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

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psychoactive drugs

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chemicals that change perceptions and mood through their actions at the neural synapses

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tolerance

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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effects

neuraladaptation

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withdrawal

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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuity of the use of an addictive drug

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Physical Dependence

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a physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

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psychological dependence

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A psychological need to use a drug such as to relieve negative emotions

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addiction

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compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences often with physical symptoms such as aches, nausea, and stress following sudden withdrawal

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depressants

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drugs such as alcohol, tranquilizers, and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions

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alcohol

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lowers our inhibitions slows neural processing disrupts memory formation and reduces self-awareness

reactions slow and skilled performance deteriorates
disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories
reduces self awareness

Girls become addicted more quickly than boys and are at risk for lung brain and liver damage at lower consumption levels

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Tranquilizers

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mimics the effects of alcohol because they depress the nervous system activity
they are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety
can lead to impaired memory and judgment or even death

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opiates

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depress neural functioning
heroin
users pupil constrict breathing slows and lethargy sets in
pleasure replaces pain and anxiety
the brain eventually stops producing its own opiates the endorphins

Include narcotics such as codeine and morphine

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stimulants

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drug (such as caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

increase heart and breathing rates and cause pupils to dilate appetite to diminish and energy and self-confidence to rise
they can become addictive and may lead to fatigue headaches irritability and depression

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Methamphetamine

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can include eight hours of heightened energy
they trigger the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which stimulates brian cells that enhance energy and mode
men are addicted more
can lead to irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression, and violent outbursts

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Nicotine

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social pressures can make people start
not only compulsive and mood-altering it is also reinforcing it delivers it hit of nicotine within 7 seconds triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephirn with in turn diminish appetite and boost alertness and mental efficiency.
it can calm anxiety and reduces sensitivity to pain

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Cocaine

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it enters the bloodstream quickly
it depletes the brains supply of dopamine,sertonin, and norepinephrine

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ecstasy MDMA

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stimulant and a mild hallucinogen triggers dopamine release
its releases stored serotonin and blocking its reabsorption thus prolonging its feel good effect

it dehydrated can lead to overheating increased blood pressure and death
damages serotonin producing neurons and permanently depressed mood
suppresses immune system impairs memory and other cognitive functions

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Hallucinogens

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distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absense of senory input

LSD, MDMA (ecstasy) are synthetic while other including marijuana are natural substances

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LSD

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a powerful hallucinogenic drug Called acid

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near-death experience

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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar or drug induced hallucinogens

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marijuana

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THC produces a mix of effects and produces and euphoric high

mild hallucinogen
enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation

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Influence of Drug use

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Biological - genetics/ variations in neurotransmitter systems
Social-cultural - urban environment/peer influences
Psychological - lack of sense of purpose/ stress/ depression

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Freud's level of consciousness

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Preconscious- information that isn't currently in consciousness but can be recalled voluntarily or once attention called
Unconscious- part of our mind that contains threatening memories desires of feelings (others say its its our collection of mental processes operating outside of conscious awareness)

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EEB

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scientist record brain activity a a person passes through various sleep stages and what type of sleep person measures brain waves (amplitude and frequency)

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Beta waves

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13-24 cps
person is awake and mentally active

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Alpha Waves

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8-12 cps state of relaxation and light sleep

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Theta waves

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4-7 cps early stages of sleep

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Delta waves

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>4 CPS REM sleep

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jet lag shifts

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phase delay shift: sleep after midnight and cant wake up in the morning

phase advanced shift: sleep in the evening and wakes up early in the morning(2-4 am)

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stage 1 sleep

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transiton between awake and asleep (5-10 mins)

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Stage 2 sleep

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sleep spindles temp decrease heart rate slows

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Stage 3 sleep

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transition from light to dark sleep delta waves

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STAGE 4 sleep

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deep sleep ( 30 mins) delta waves ( bedwetting & sleepwalking can occur)

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stage 5 sleep

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REM dreaming

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parasommina

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sleep disorder causes undesirable movement, verbal, or experimental phenomenon occurring during sleep

sleep walking, talking,eating etc.

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phenomena of hypnosis

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Post hypnotic suggestion
catalepsy immobility after walking - cannot move
age regression - recalling their childhood
hypnotic anesthesia - cannot recall what happened during hypnosis
physical controls
time distortions

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Uses of hypnosis

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alleviate pain - chronic migraines, anesthetic, chemotherapy
aid memory- eye witness, testimony