Ap Psychology Chapter 5: States Of Consciousness

Front 1

consciousness

Back 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Front 2

circadian rhythm

Back 2

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Front 3

REM sleep

Back 3

a recurring sleep stage which vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are active

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alpha waves

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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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hallucinations

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false sensory experiences

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sleep

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periodic, natural loss of consciousness-- not coma, anesthesia, or hibernation

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delta waves

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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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NREM sleep

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encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

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insomnia

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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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narcolepsy

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uncontrollable sleep attacks; sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

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sleep apnea

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temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

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night terrors

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high arousal and appearance of being terrified; occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

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dream

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sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. notable for hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and the delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

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manifest content

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(freud) the remembered story line of a dream

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latent content

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(freud) underlying meaning of a dream

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REM rebound

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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivations

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hypnosis

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a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

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posthypnotic suggestion

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suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer under hypnosis; used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

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dissociation

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a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

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psychoactive drug

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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

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tolerance

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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug

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withdrawal

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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

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physical dependence

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a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

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psychological dependence

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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

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addiction

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compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

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depressents

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drugs that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions

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barbiturates

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drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

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opiates

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opium and its derivatives; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

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stimulants

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drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

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amphetamines

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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

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methamphetamine

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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

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ecstasy (mdma)

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a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition

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hallucinogens

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psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

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LSD

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a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

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near-death experience

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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

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THC

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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, inducing mild hallucinations

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The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was...

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behaviorism

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by 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in

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mental processes

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Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of

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neuroadaption

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How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep

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The SCN causes the pineal gland to increase melatonin

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With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop...this is associated with

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circadian rhythm

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The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep

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sleep spindles

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Hypnagogic sensations happen when

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stage 1

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sleeptalking occurs when

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stage 4

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large, slow waves

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delta waves

Front 46

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are similar to those of

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stage 1

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Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

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obesity

Front 48

Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces what?

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free radicals

Front 49

slow wave sleep promotes what

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effective memory

Front 50

obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders

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sleep apnea

Front 51

nightmares are to ___ as night terrors are to ___

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REM sleep; stage 4 sleep

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which of the following is true of night terrors

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they occur during stage 4

Front 53

according to freud, the latent content refers to

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its underlying but censored meaning

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some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with rem sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. this finding supports which of the following dream theories

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physiological

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brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

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rem sleep

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the activation-synthesis theory explains why

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people often experience sudden visual images during rem sleep