Ap Psychology Terms Emotion & Motivation (Ch. 12 & 13)

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Front 2

Instinct

Back 2

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Front 3

Drive-Reduction Theory

Back 3

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Front 4

Homeostasis

Back 4

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Front 5

Incentive

Back 5

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour.

Front 6

Hierarchy of Needs

Back 6

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Front 7

Glucose

Back 7

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Front 8

Set Point

Back 8

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Front 9

Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 9

The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

Front 10

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 10

An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Front 11

Bulimia Nervosa

Back 11

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Front 12

Sexual Response Cycle

Back 12

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Front 13

Refractory Period

Back 13

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Front 14

Sexual Disorder

Back 14

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Front 15

Estrogen

Back 15

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Front 16

Testosterone

Back 16

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Front 17

Sexual Orientation

Back 17

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

Front 18

Flow

Back 18

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills.

Front 19

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Back 19

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behaviour in workplaces.

Front 20

Personnel Psychology

Back 20

A subfield of industrial-organizational psychology (I/O psychology) that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.

Front 21

Organizational Psychology

Back 21

A subfield of industrial-organizational psychology (I/O psychology) that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.

Front 22

Achievement Motivation

Back 22

A desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of thing, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard.

Front 23

Structured Interviews

Back 23

Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales.

Front 24

Task Leadership

Back 24

Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.

Front 25

Social Leadership

Back 25

Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

Front 26

Emotion

Back 26

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviours, and (3) conscious experience.

Front 27

James-Lange Theory

Back 27

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Front 28

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 28

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Front 29

Schnachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Back 29

Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Front 30

Polygraph

Back 30

A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Front 31

Catharsis

Back 31

Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Front 32

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

Back 32

People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Front 33

Subjective Well-Being

Back 33

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

Front 34

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

Back 34

Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Front 35

Relative Deprivation

Back 35

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.