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120 Cards in this Set
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Attribution Theory |
Tendency to give explanations for someone's behavior, often by crediting situation or person's disposition |
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Fundamental Attribution Theory |
Tendency to overestimate the impact of person's disposition and underestimate impact of situation |
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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon |
Tendency to apply with larger requests after responding to a smaller request |
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Zimbardo |
Lucifer Effect - Stanford Prison Experiment/Lucifer Effect - Role playing: people take on the role of what they feel are proper for the situation Lucifer Effect - Role playing: people take on the role of what they feel are proper for the situation - Role playing: people take on the role of what they feel are proper for the situation |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
People change their behavior to avoid looking bad |
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Asch |
- Conformity: tendency to go along with the views and actions of others, even of you know they are wrong - Line test |
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Milgram |
Obedience : people tend to obey authority figures; 60% of participants thought they delivered the maximum possible level of shock figures; 60% of participants thought they delivered the maximum possible level of shock figures; 60% of participants thought they delivered the maximum possible level of shock shock |
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Social Facilitation |
Improved performance in presence of others; easy tasks get easier as hard tasks get harder |
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Social Loafing |
In the presence of others, people tend to do less, partly because they believe others will do it |
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Deindividualization |
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, typically in a sense of anomie (mob situation) |
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Group Polarization |
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing options and attitudes like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing options and attitudes |
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Groupthink Groupthink Groupthink |
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of altermatives |
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Just-world Phenomenon |
Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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Social Traps |
Situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interests, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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In-group |
People with whom one shares a common identity with |
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Out-Group |
Those perceived as different from themselves |
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Hindsight Bias |
Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have predicted it beforehand and may contribute to blaming the victim and forming prejudices against him/her |
"I KNEW IT!" |
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Prejudice |
Unjustifiable attitude towards a group and it's members |
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Mere Exposure Effect |
The mere exposure to a stimulus will increase the likeliness of it happening the likeliness of it happening likeliness of it happening |
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Altruism |
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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Bystander Effect |
Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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Reciprocity Norms |
The expectation that we should return help, not harm, to those who help us not harm, to those who help us |
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Biological |
Explores the links between the brain and mind |
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Cognitive |
Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems |
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Humanistic |
Study that says that humans are basically good and possess a free-will |
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Behavioral |
Study that says all behavior is observable and measurable behavior is observable and measurable |
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Psychoanalytic |
Study of the unconcious, includes childhood and aggression issues |
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Sociocultural |
Study of how cultural and political experiences affect our life |
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Evolutionary |
Study of the evolution of humans over time from apes |
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Developmental |
Study of our changing abilities from womb 2 tomb |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Father of psychology |
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Introspection |
Looking inward at one's own mental processes |
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Structuralism |
Analyze sensations, images, and feelings into their most basic elements |
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William James |
The brain and mind are constantly changing |
What was his theory? |
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Functionalism |
Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies; "stream of conciousness" practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies; "stream of conciousness" practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies; "stream of conciousness" |
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John Locke |
Tabula Rosa: mind is a blank slate written on by experiences |
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Sigmund Freud |
Founder of psychoanalysis |
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Psychoanalytic Theory Theory |
All behavior is meaningful and driven by unconcious forces |
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Applied Research |
Aims to solve practical problems |
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Basic Research |
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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Hypothesis |
A testable prediction, often induced by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory (educational guess) |
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Independent Variable Independent Variable Independent Variable |
A factor, manipulated by the experimenter, and whose effects is studied |
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Dependent Variable |
A factor that may change in response to the iV |
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Theory |
An explanation that integrates principles, organizes, and predicts behavior or event |
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Operational Definition |
A clear statement of what one is looking for in an experiment |
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Validity |
It measures what you want to be measured |
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Reliability |
It is replicable and consistent |
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Sampling |
Process by which participants are selected |
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Population |
The amount of participants that can be selected for the sample |
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Representative Sample |
Take the results from a smaller group and apply that to a larger group of people |
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Random Sample |
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment because the participants are chosen at random |
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Control Group |
Group that does not take part in the critical part of the experimentation process, used as a comparison group |
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Experimenter Bias |
The experimenter, either unconciously or conciously, affects the outcome of the experiment |
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Single-Blind Procedure |
The subjects do not know to what group they belong |
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Double-blind Procedure |
Neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group the subjects are in |
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Hawthorne Effect |
If you know you're being studied, you will act differently than you normally/typically would |
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Placebo |
Sugar pill: something administered that has no real affect on the person other than what they think mentally |
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Positive Correlation |
As one goes up, the other goes up goes up goes up |
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Negative Correlation |
As one goes up, the other goes down goes up, the other goes down |
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Survey |
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behavior of people in a questionnaire, or similar way of ascertaining information attitudes, opinions, or behavior of people in a questionnaire, or similar way of ascertaining information attitudes, opinions, or behavior of people in a questionnaire, or similar way of ascertaining information |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Observing and recording behavior in the wild/natural environment |
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Case Study |
Get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants |
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Mean |
Average of scores - add them up and divide by total number of scores |
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Mode |
The most frequently occurring score in the distribution |
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Range |
The lowest score subtracted by the higher score |
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Standard Deviation |
The average distance of scores around the mean |
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Z-score |
A type of standard score that tells us how many standard deviation units a given score is above or below the mean for that group |
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Myelin Sheath |
A fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds the neural impulse |
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Axon |
A wire-like structure ending in the terminal that extends from the cell body |
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Neurons |
A nerve cell; the basic building block for the nervous system cell; the basic building block for the nervous system cell; the basic building block for the nervous system |
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Sensory Neurons (Afferent) |
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors (nose, ears, hands) to the central nervous system |
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Interneurons |
Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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Motor Neurons (Efferent) |
Neurons that carry incoming information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate; they fit into the receptor site of neurons like a key fits a lock receptor site of neurons like a key fits a lock receptor site of neurons like a key fits a lock |
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Agonist |
Excite, by causing neurotransmitters to hit site multiple times |
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Antagonists |
Inhibit, by blocking neurotransmitters |
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Central Nervous System |
The brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
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Somatic Nervous System |
The division of the Peripheral Nervous System that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
The part of the Peripheral Nervous System that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs, like the heart |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Arouses the body |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Calms the body |
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Pituitary Gland |
The endocrine system's most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus- Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands endocrine system's most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus- Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands endocrine system's most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus- Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands hypothalamus hypothalamus- Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands hypothalamus- Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands - Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands controls other endocrine glands controls other endocrine glands |
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EEG |
An amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface, these wages are measured by electrodes on the skull |
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PET |
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a certain task |
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MRI |
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a computer generated image that distinguishes between the types of soft tissue in the brain |
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Medulla |
Connected to the base of the brain stem - Controls our blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing |
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Reticular Formation |
Screens incoming information, and filters out irrelevant information - Controls arousal and attention |
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Thalamus |
The brain's sensory switchboard |
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Pons |
Above the medulla, makes chemicals involved with sleep and facial expressions |
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Cerebellum |
The little brain attached to the rear of the brain stem, controls coordination, fire muscle movements and balance |
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Limbic System |
Associated with emotions like aggression and fear and drives such as hunger, thirst, and sex - Hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala |
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Amygdala |
Part of the limbic system that is involved in emotions, aggression, and fear |
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Hypothalamus |
Controls the metabolic functions of body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst, motivation/emotions, and the endocrine system |
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Hippocampus |
Part of the limbic system involved in learning and memory |
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Temporal Lobe |
At side if brain above ears involved in memory, perception, and hearing |
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Occipital Lobe |
Lower back part of brain involved with processing visual info: VISION |
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Peripheral Lobe |
Top of brain, discriminates between textures and shapes |
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Frontal Lobe |
Located under forehead, involved with complex cognitive functions |
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William Penfield |
Studied the effects of stimulation on the motor cortex |
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Phineas Gage |
First lobotomy after a rod goes through his head; gives psych information on parts of the brain involved with emotions and aggression head; gives psych information on parts of the brain involved with emotions and aggression d; gives psych information on parts of the brain involved with emotions and aggression |
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Broca's Area |
Directs muscle movements involved in speech |
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Wernicke's Area |
Involved in language comprehension |
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Plasticity |
The brain's ability to modify itself after some kind of injury/illness |
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Split Brain |
Corpus callosum cut, not allowing information to travel to other side of brain |
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Corpus Callosum |
Responsible for higher thinking function, connects two sides of brain |
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Left Hemisphere |
Logical, sequential tasks, solving math problems, verbal -> logical |
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Right Hemisphere |
Facial regocnition, puzzle solving, emotional, artistic -> logical |
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Sensory Cortex |
Receives information from skin surface and sense organs |
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Motor Cortex |
Controls voluntary movements, on opposite side of body |
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Hind brain |
Lower brain, located at rear base of skull, responsible for reflexive or automatic behaviors |
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Forebrain |
Largest part of brain that controls what we think of as thoughts and reasons |
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Midbrain |
Located above pons, integrates and relay sensory information to main part of brain |
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Depolarization |
This occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it susceptible to fire an action potential making it susceptible to fire an action potential it susceptible to fire an action potential |
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Refractory Period |
After a neuron has fired an action potential, it pauses for a short period to recharge, until it will fire again |
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Threshold |
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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Action Potential |
A neural impulse that travels down the axon -> domino effect |
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All-or-None |
When the depolarized current exceeds the threshold of a neuron, it will fire unless it's below, causing it not to fire |
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Reuptake |
Neurotransmitters that can't find an area across the synapse to attach will be reabsorbed by the sending neuron |
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Acetylcholine |
Activates motor neurons and skeletal muscles, deficiency results in Alzheimers |
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