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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when is research valid?
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when it measures what the researcher wanted to measure
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when is research reliable?
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when it can be replicated
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after you name the variables in a hypothesis, you must _____ them
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operationalize
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if clarence scored a 72 on a test with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 8, his z score would be what?
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-1
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John Watson
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behaviorism
Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist only external stimuli |
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B.F. Skinner
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included reinforcement--environmental stimuli that encourage or discourage responses
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Max Wertheimer
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Gestalt psychology
(total experience) |
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Maslow
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humanist
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dendrites
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roots, stretch out from the cell body
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cell body
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nucleus and other parts of the cell
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axon
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end in terminal buttons that extend from cell body
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myelin sheath
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fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses
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terminal buttons
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at the end of the axon, contain neurotransmitters
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neurotransmitters
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fit like a key in a lock
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synapse
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the space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next
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in a resting state, a neuron has an overall slightly ____ charge
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negative
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action potential
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the electric message firing... neuron A releases neurotransmitters to the synapse, and fit into neuron B's receptor sites...if enough are received, the cell membrane becomes permeable and positive ions can enter
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acetylcholine
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function: motor movement
lack of ACT leads to Alzheimer's |
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dopamine
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function: motor movement and alertness
lack of: Parkinson's disease overabundance: schizophrenia |
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endorphins
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function: pain control
addictions |
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serotonin
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funtion: mood control
lack of: clinical depression |
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afferent neurons
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aka sensory neurons
take info from the senses to the brain |
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interneurons
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take messages from brain/spinal cord and send them elsewhere in the brain or to efferent neurons
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efferent neurons
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info from the brain to the rest of the body
(there are a lot of categories) |
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peripheral nervous system
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all nerves not encased in bone
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
WITHIN BONE (skull and vertebrae) |
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somatic nervous system
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voluntary muscle movements
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autonomic nervous system
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automatic functions of our body
fight/flight |
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sympathetic nervous system
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in autonomic n.s.
mobilizes our body to respond to stress carries messages to the control systems of the organs |
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parasympathetic nervous system
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slowing down our body after a stress response
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EEG
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electroencephalogram
detects brain waves used in sleep research |
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CAT scan
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sophisticated Xray
structure of the brain for tumors, etc. |
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MRI
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uses magnetic fields to measure the density and location of brain material
not exposed to radiation only info. about structure |
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PET
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let's researchers see what areas of the brain are most active during certain tasks
measures how much of a chemical parts of the brain are using |
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fMRI
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can show details of brain structure with info. about blood flow to brain
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parts of hindbrain
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medulla, pons, cerebellum
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medulla
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control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
above the spinal cord |
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pons
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connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain
controls facial expression |
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cerebullem
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fine muscle movements
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parts of midbrain
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integrates sensory info. and muscle movements
reticular formation--netlike collection of cells that controls body arousal and ability to focus attention |
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parts of forebrain
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thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus
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thalamus
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receives sensory signals coming up spinal cord and sending them to areas of the forebrain
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hypothalamus
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metabolic fxns--ex: body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst, endocrine system
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amygdala/hippocampus
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amygdala-near the end of each hippocampal arm
memories are processed and sent to other locations in the cerebral cortex |
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left hemisphere
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sensory messages and controls motor fuction of the right half
logic and sequential tasts |
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right hemisphere
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sensory messages and controls the motor funtion of the left 1/2 of body
spatial and creative tasks |
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frontal lobes
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abstract thought and emotional control
left hemisphere: language |
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parietal lobes
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sensory cortex, receives incoming touch sensations
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occipital lobes
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furthest from eyes
interprets messages from our eyes |
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temporal lobes
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processes sounds
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turner's syndrome
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only 1 x-chromosome
shortness, webbed necks |
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klinefelter's syndrome
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xxy
minimal sexual development extreme introversion |
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down's syndrome
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extra chromosome on 21st pair
rounded face, short fingers and toes, mental retardation |
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phonemes
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smallest units of sound
english has 44 |
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morpheme
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smallest unit of meaningful sound
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algorithm
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a rule that guarantees the right solution by usign a formula or other foolproof method
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heuristic
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a rule of thumb that's generally true that we can use to make a judgement in a situation
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yerkes-dodson law
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must perform best with the optimum level of arousal
we can perform best on an easy task with a high level of arousal, but the same high level would prevent us from performing well on a difficult task |
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maslow's hierarchy of needs
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physiological needs
safety needs belongingness and love needs esteem needs self-actualization |
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garcia effect
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our perception of certain foods
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James Lange theory
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peripheralist
we feel emotion because of the biological changes caused by stress |
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Cannon-Bard theory
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biological change and the cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously
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two-factor theory
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physical responses and our cognitive labels combine to cause a particular emotional response
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alarm reaction
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heart rate increases, blood rushes to part of body that's going crazy
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resistance
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body is always physiologically ready
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exhaustion
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parasympathetic n.s. returns our body to normal
more vulnerable to disease in this stage |
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authoritarian parenting
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strict standards for behavior and apply punshements
obedient attitudes are valued more than discussions about the rationale behind the standards |
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Permissive parents
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no clear guidelines
rules arent consistently enforced |
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authoritative parents
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set, consistent standards, but the standards are reasonable and explained
rationale for rules are discussed |
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superegp
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conscience
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ego
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it's all about me
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id
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pleasure principle
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central traits
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traits most important in describing that individual
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sheldon's somatotype theory
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3 body types-endomorphs (fat), mesopmorphs (muscular), ectomorphs (thin)
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reciprocal determinism
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things reinforce each other
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Carl Rogers' self theory
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unconditional positive regard
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MMPI
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minnesoty multiphasic personality inventory
most widely used self-report instrument |
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projective tests
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interpret ambiguous stimuli
ex: inkblot test, TAT (pics on cards) |
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charles spearmen
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intelligence can be expressed by a single factor (g)
used factor analysis |
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LL thurstone and JP guilford
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thurstone-intelligence is comprised of 7 main abilities
guilford-100 different mental abilities |
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gardner
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multiple inelligences
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daniel goleman
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emotional intelligence
crresponds to Gardner's interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence |
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Robert Sternberg
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triarchic theory
1. componential/analytic intelligence--school learning 2. experiential intelligence-ability to use knowledge in new and creative ways 3. street smarts |
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Stanford-BInet
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IQ TEST
mental/chronological age x 100 |
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flynn effect
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performance on intel. test has been increasing steadily throughout the past century
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