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53 Cards in this Set
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Developmental Psychology |
U9 Dev Psych A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |
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Zygote |
U9 Dev Psych The fertilized egg, it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. |
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Embryo |
U9 Dev Psych The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
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Fetus |
U9 Dev Psych |
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Teratogens |
U9 Dev Psych Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
U9 Dev Psych Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial proportions. |
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Habituation |
U9 Dev Psych Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
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Maturation |
U9 Dev Psych Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
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Cognition |
U9 Dev Psych All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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Schema |
U9 Dev Psych A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |
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Assimilation |
U9 Dev Psych Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. |
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Accommodation |
U9 Dev Psych Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. |
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Sensorimotor Stage |
U9 Dev Psych In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms o their sensory impressions and motor activities. |
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Object Permanence |
U9 Dev Psych The awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived. ex: I know the Sears Tower is there even though I don't see it right now |
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Preoperational Stage |
U9 Dev Psych In Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. ex: a 2 year-old learning first words |
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Conservation |
U9 Dev Psych The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
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Egocentrism |
U9 Dev Psych In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. ex: child tend to pick their own view of what they see vs actual view shown to others |
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Theory of Mind |
U9 Dev Psych People's ideas about their own and other's mental states: about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict ex: when kids start to understand others' perspectives |
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Concrete Operational Stage |
U9 Dev Psych In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from roughly 6/7 to 11 years old) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. ex: pouring milk into different shaped containers still same amount of milk |
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Formal Operational Stage |
U9 Dev Psych In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. ex: kids imagine something they've never seen before |
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Autism |
U9 Dev Psych A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind. ex: hard for kids with autism to empathize or understand social cues |
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Stranger Anxiety |
U9 Dev Psych The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. ex: babies that only want to be held by someone familiar |
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Attachment |
U9 Dev Psych An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation ex: babies clinging to mothers |
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Critical Period |
U9 Dev Psych An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. ex: putting a baby in its mother's arms right after birth helps them bond |
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Imprinting |
U9 Dev Psych The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
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Temperament |
U9 Dev Psych A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. ex: cheerful babies are more relaxed |
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Basic Trust |
U9 Dev Psych According to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w responsive caregivers. ex: a child has a sense that the world is reliable |
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Self-concept |
U9 Dev Psych Our understanding and evaluation of who we are. ex: at 12 most children are self-aware |
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Gender |
U9 Dev Psych In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. |
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Aggression |
U9 Dev Psych Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. ex: hitting a person you disagree with |
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X Chromosome |
U9 Dev Psych The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |
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Y Chromosome |
U9 Dev Psych The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. |
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Testosterone |
U9 Dev Psych The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the add'l testosterone in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of male sex characteristics during puberty. ex: hormone most identified w masculinity |
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Role |
U9 Dev Psych A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. ex: role of "mother" is nurturing |
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Gender Role |
U9 Dev Psych A set of expected behaviors for males or females. ex: 1950s would be men ask women out, pay for dinner |
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Gender Identity |
U9 Dev Psych Our sense of being male or female. ex: not always goes with biological sex |
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Gender Typing |
U9 Dev Psych The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. ex: a girl acting "girlie" |
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Social Learning Theory |
U9 Dev Psych The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. ex: girls selecting to play with other girls at a young age |
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Adolescence |
U9 Dev Psych The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. ex: the teen years |
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Puberty |
U9 Dev Psych The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. ex: triggers rapid physical development following a surge in hormones |
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Primary Sexual Characteristics |
U9 Dev Psych The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible. ex: our private parts |
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Secondary Sex Characteristics |
U9 Dev Psych Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. ex: the things that catch each other's attention |
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Menarche |
U9 Dev Psych The first menstrual period. ex: in some cultures, when a girl becomes a woman |
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Identity |
U9 Dev Psych Our sense of self; according to Erickson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. ex: acting one way at home, another with our friends |
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Social Identity |
U9 Dev Psych The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. ex: crew team as a unit |
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Intimacy |
U9 Dev Psych In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships ex: a primary developmental milestone in late adolescence and early adulthood |
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Emerging Adulthood |
U9 Dev Psych For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. ex: living independently (like at college) but still part of parents' responsibility |
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Menopause |
U9 Dev Psych The time of natural cessation of menstruation, usually early 50s ex: biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
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Cross-sectional Study |
U9 Dev Psych A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. ex: compare results of a 70 year-old to a 35 year-old |
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Longitudinal Study |
U9 Dev Psych Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. ex: studies can last years, even decades |
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Crystallized Intelligence |
U9 Dev Psych Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills |
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Fluid Intelligence |
U9 Dev Psych Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly |
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Social Clock |
U9 Dev Psych The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement ex: societal pressure telling you when "it's time" to do things |
