Ap Psych Unit 2 Test

Front 1

hindsight bias

Back 1

the tendency to perceive an outcome that as occurred as being obvious and predictable

Front 2

the hindsight bias is common in

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both children and adults

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our everyday thinking is limited by

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overconfidence

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most people are ___ in predicting their social behavior

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equally wrong

Front 5

the scientific approach is characterized by (three things)

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curiosity, skepticism, humility

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critical thinking

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reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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what does psychological science use to evaluate competing ideas

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scientific method

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how do psychologists form theory

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by making careful observations

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theories are refused when

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new observations arise

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theory

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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

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hypothesis

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testable predictions that allow a scientist to evaluate a theory

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hypotheses give direction to

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research

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how to prevent theoretical biases from influencing scientific observations

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research must be reported precisely (using clear operational definitions of all concepts) so that others can replicate the findings

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how to know if a theory is useful

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if it effectively organizes a range of self reports and observations and implies clear predictions

Front 15

psychologists conduct research using what three methods

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descriptive, correlational, experimental

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case study

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research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth to reveal universal principles of behavior

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case studies can suggest

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hypotheses for further study

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issue with case studies

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an individual may be atypical

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survey

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the method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior

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an important factor in the validity of a survey is the

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the order and wording of the questions

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we are more likely to overgeneralize and make other mistaken judgements from select samples that are especially

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vivid

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random samples are

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representative of the population

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which is a better sample to have small or large

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large

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naturalistic observation

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research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environment

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case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do what

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explain behavior

Front 26

researchers have found people are more likely to laugh in what situations

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social

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how did researchers conclude that the pace of life varies from one culture to another

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observing walking speed and the accuracy of public clocks

Front 28

when changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another the two factors are said to be

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correlated

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if two factors are correlated, one can

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predict the other

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correlation coefficient

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a statistical expression of correlation

Front 31

scatterplot

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a graphical representation of correlation

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positively correlated

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when two factors increase or decrease together

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negatively correlated

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one increases and one decreases

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another way to say negatively correlated

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the two variables relate inversely

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a negative correlation does not indicate

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the strength or weakness of the relationship

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correlation does not mean

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causation

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correlation indicates the possibility of a

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cause-effect relationship

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a correlation between two events or behaviors means that one event could be

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predicted from the other

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a correlation does not mean that

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one caused the other

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correlation does not enable

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explanation

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illusory correlation

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a perceived correlation that does not really exist

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people are more likely to notice and recall events that

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confirm their beliefs

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superstitious beliefs are caused by

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illusory correlations

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another common tendency is to perceive order in

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random events

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patterns and streaks appear

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more often than people expect and do not appear random

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how do researcher isolate cause and effect

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by statistically controlling their factors

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breast fed infants are

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more intelligent

Front 48

how do psychologists study cause-effect relationships

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by conducting experiments

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by randomly assigning participants to groups a researcher can

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manipulate the factor of interest while holding constant other factors

Front 50

how does the researcher know the factor is having an effect

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if the behavior changes when an experimental factor is varied

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double blind procedure

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when neither the participants nor the person collecting the data knows which condition a particpant is in

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placebo

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pseudotreatment

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why do researchers use placebos

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to compare the behavior with that of participants who receive actual treatment

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placebo effect

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when one believes that they are receiving treatment

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an experiment must involve at least two conditions

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experimental and control group

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experimental group

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people receive the experimental treatment

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control group

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people do not receive treatment

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what do experiments rely on to ensure two groups are identical

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independent variable

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the factor that is being manipulated in an experiment

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confounding variables

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factors that may influence results

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dependent variables

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measurable factor that may change as a result an experiments manipulations

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which variable do you manipulate

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independent

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which variable is measured

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dependent

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what variables are controlled

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the rest

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statistics help

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researchers see and interpret their observations

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three measures of central tendency

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mean, median, mode

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mode

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most frequently occurring score

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how is a mean taken

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sum of all scores divided by the number of scores

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the median is what percentile

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50th

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mean can be biased due to

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extreme or skewed scores

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averages are more accurate with what kind of variability

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low

Front 72

measures of variation

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range and standard deviation

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how is the range found

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the difference between the lowest and highest score

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range is a crude estimate of variation because

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of the influence of extreme scores

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standard deviation is more accurate because

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it uses information from each score

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normal curve

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the symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution in which the score fall near the mean with fewer and fewer near the extremes

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it is safer to generalize from what kind of sample

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representative

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averages are more reliable when they are based on scores with what kind of variability

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LOW

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which samples provide a less reliable basis for generalizing

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small

Front 80

what are tests of statistical significance are used for

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estimating whether observed differences are real - that is, to make sure that they are not simply the result of chance variation

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statistical significance does not indicate

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the importance or practical significance of a difference or result

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what is a psychologists major concern in lab experiments

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underlying theoretical principles

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general principles

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simplified behaviors in a laboratory environment to gain control over the many variables present in the real world

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culture refers to

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the enduring ideas, behaviors, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on foreman generation to the next

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underlying processes are the same for

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specific attitudes and behaviors all across cultures

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people throughout the work that are diagnosed with dyslexia exhibit

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the same brain malfunction

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similarities between what far outweigh the differences

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gender

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why do people study animals

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because of the similarities between humans and animals

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animal studies have lead to

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treatments for human diseases and to a better understanding of human functioning

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informed consent

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the ethical principle that research participants should be told enough about the research to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate

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participants should be ____ once the research is finished

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debriefed

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psychologists values influence their

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theories, observations, and professional advice

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although psychology can be used to manipulate people, its purpose is to

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enlighten

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after a detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. which type of research was used to deduce this

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the case study

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in an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the

Back 95

independent variable

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to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of people is given a pill that contains the drug. a second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. this second group constitutes the

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control group

Front 97

theories are defined as the

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propels that help organize observations and predict behaviors or events

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a psychologist studies the play of behavior of young children by watching groups during recess at school. which type of research is being used?

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naturalistic observation

Front 99

to ensure that other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists use

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operational definitions

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the scientific attitude of skepticism is based on the belief that

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ideas need to be tested against observable evidence

Front 101

some basic research techniques used by psychologists

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description, experimentation, correlation

Front 102

psychologists personal values

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can bias both scientific observation and the interpretation of data

Front 103

if shoe size and iq are negatively correlated, which of the following is true

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people with small feet tend to have high IQs

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which of the following would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory

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experiment

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well-done surveys measure the attitudes in a representative subset (or _______) of an entire group (or ____)

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random sample; population

Front 106

in generalizing from a sample to population, it is important that

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- the sample is representative of the population

- the sample is large

- the scores in the sample have a low variability

Front 107

when a difference between to groups is statistically significant, this means that

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the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation

Front 108

a lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be

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skewed

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juwan eagerly opened an online trading account, believing that his market savvy would allow him to pick stocks that would make him a rich day trader. this belief best illustrates

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overconfidence

Front 110

which of the following is the measure of central tendency that would be most affected by a few extreme scores

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mean

Front 111

culture

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shared ideas and behaviors passed on from one generation to the next