Ap Psych Research/experiment/descriptive Methods

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scientific method

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standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results

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theory

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explanation that organizes separate pieces of information in a coherent way

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hypothesis

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specific statement of expectation of what will happen given a certain set of conditions

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descriptive designs

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naturalistic observation, case study, survey, or experiment

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research must be... (4 things)

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REPLICABLE, FALSIFIABLE, PRECISE, PARSIMONIOUS

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falsifiable

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has to be able to prove a theory or hypothesis wrong because researches can succumb to confirmation bias

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operational definitions

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state exactly how a variable will be measured, descriptive, makes it so it can be replicated exactly

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parsimonious

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the simplest or most logically economical explanation

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IRB

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internal review board

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do no harm

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experimenter must protect the health and well being of the subject

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what study violated the "do no harm" standard?

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tuskegee syphilis study

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deception

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when the subject is not told the whole truth

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what study failed to allow "informed consent"?

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the stanley milgram experiment

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james vicary

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claimed to have introduced messages in 1957 when he conducted an experiment with very quickly flashing messages in movies

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andrew wakefield

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exposed as fraud. autisimic vaccine

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utilitarian

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do the least harm

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sampling

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selecting a subset of participants from the target population that you want to make conclusions about

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sampling method

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refers to how we select the people in our experiment

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representitive sample

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subset looks and acts alot like the population being studied "represent"

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volunteer sampling

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involves participants self-selecting themselves to take part in a study. ex: putting an ad in the school newspaper and them coming to you

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opportunity sampling

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most widely used method because it is the easiest and most convinent. ex: get students from class to do it because convinent

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random sampling

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systematically selecting a number of participants from a target group so that each person is EQUALLY likely to be selected. *BEST METHOD*

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stratified sample

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randomly selecting participants from different subsets of the population. subsets include characteristics such as geographic location, age, sex, race, religous belief, or economic status

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only ______ can asses cause and effect

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*fill-in-blank* experiments

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extraneous variables

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extra "baggage" people bring into the experiment that the experimenter can not control. ex: bf just broke up with her, cat just died, did bad on a test, ect

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case studies

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in depth examination of a single person or small group of people. typically posses some skill or has a problem that is unusual.

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what kind of psychology uses case studies?

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clinical

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strengths of case studies

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-highlights individuality

-conclusions are based on a more complete set of information about the subjects

-control the environment

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weaknesses of case studies

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-cannot tell us why it is occuring

-researcher bias

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naturalistic observation

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observe organisims in their natural settings

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strengths of naturalistic observation

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-likely to reflect true behavior

-don't realize they are being observed

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weaknesses of naturalistic observation

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-researcher has no control over the setting

-subjects may not have an opportunity to display the behavior

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survey

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ask large numbers of people questions about their behaviors, attitudes, and opinions

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strengths of surveys

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-gather info from large groups

-asses a wider variety of behaviors

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weaknesses of surveys

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-require that the subjects understand the language

-people could lie

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correlation studies

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tell us if there is a relationship between the two variables

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correlation does not equal...

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*FILL IN BLANK* CAUSATION

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correlation coefficent

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statistic that shows the strength of the relationship between the two variables. shows strength and direction of relationship

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correlation coefficent falls between...?

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-1.00 and 1.00

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numerical value

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the closer the correlation measure is to -1.00 or 1.00 the stronger the relationship between the two values

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the sign

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tells us whether these two variables are directly related or inversly related

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positive correlation

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direct relationship, variables are varying in the same direction.

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# value

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strength

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sign in front

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direction

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pre-experimental designs

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does not include a control group, no comparison between treatment and a control gorup

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quasi-experimental designs

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includes a control gorup, but the design does not include randomization

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true-experimental designs

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includes both of the elements

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variable

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event, characteristic, condition, or behavior that can change

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independent variable (impact)

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variable the researcher thinks has an effect and can measure it's effect on the DV

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dependent variable (measurement tool)

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variable that is observed or measured by the experimenter to determine the effect of the IV. must be measureable, observable, and countable.

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what's the main purpose of using operationally defining variables?

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CONTROL

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hypothesis

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testable set of expectations about how one variable affects another

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null hypothesis

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specific statement of expectation that a researcher tries to disprove. assumed to be valid unless falsified by the results *opposite of hypothesis*

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research hypothesis

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based on observations that trigger the null hypothesis to be wrong

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experimental group

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the randomly assigned subjects who recieve the IV

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control group

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the randomly assigned subjects not expose to the IV. might recieve the placebo

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type 1 error

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reject the null hypothesis when it's true

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type 2 error

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fail to reject the null hypothesis when it's false

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validity

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the extent to which a researcher can claim that what was found was actually the result of something the researcher did (manipulate the IV)

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external validity

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results can be generalized to the rest of the population

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internal validity

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researcher has carefully controlled extraneous variables so only the IV influences results

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sample (selection) bias

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made when random sampling is not used. ex: taking the first 30 volunteers in a sample

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demand characteristics is to the _____ effect

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hawthorn

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experimenter bias is to the ____ effect

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rosenthal

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demand characteristics

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bias that is produced by participants trying to be good subjects and behave in a manner that helps the experimenter

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experimenter bias

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refers to tendency for results to conform to the experimenters expectations unless safeguards are used to minmize the effects.

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rosenthal effect

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experimenter may treat subjects differently depending on what he/she expects from them

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placebo effect

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when the participants expectations about the effect of an experimental manipulation have an influence on the DV independently of the actual effect of the IV. ex: give subject drink w/no alch, subject thinks they had alch so act more sociable

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confounding variables

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variables other than the IV on which the participants in one experiment condition differ systematically from those in other conditions. ex: loud music during test

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blinding

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how to assert more control and higher experimental validity

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single blinding

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subjects are not aware of whether they're in the experimental or control groups. likely to reduce demand characteristics

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double blinding

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neither subjects or experimenters are aware which group subjects are assigned to. likely to reduce experimenter bias and demand characteristics

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counter balancing

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reducing order effects. ex: testing one group in the morning, have to test the other in the morning as well

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relationships = no ____

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experiment. hypothesis is direct.

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random assignment

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participants must be "sorted" into the experimental and control groups so they are as "even" as possible in important traits