Ap Psych Midterm

Front 1

Iconic Memory

Back 1

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photogenic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Front 2

Echoic Memory

Back 2

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli: if attentions is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Front 3

Encoding

Back 3

the processing of information into the memory system

Front 4

Automatic Processing

Back 4

unconscious encoding of incidental information-space, time, frequency, and well-learned information

Front 5

Effortful Processing

Back 5

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Front 6

Spacing Effect

Back 6

distributed practice, rather than massed study, yields better long-term retention

Front 7

Testing Effect

Back 7

repeated quizzing of previously studied material helps retentio

Front 8

Peg Word

Back 8

pre-memorizing a list of words that are easy to associate with the numbers they represent

Front 9

Acronym

Back 9

a word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words

Front 10

Hierarchies

Back 10

system for organizing people according to their status in a society, organization, or other group

Front 11

Method of Loci

Back 11

A mnemonic system for remembering items by forming associations between each item and particular locations in an imagined scene or journey.

Front 12

Working memory

Back 12

a newer understanding of a short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Front 13

Priming

Back 13

Priming is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a subsequent stimulus

Front 14

Context Effect

Back 14

the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus.

Front 15

Amygdala

Back 15

- boosts activity and proteins in memory-froming areas

Front 16

Hippocampus

Back 16

The hippocampus is a part of your brain, specifically a part of the limbic system that is vital for the formation of memories. Without the hippocampus, you would not be able to remember anything that you are reading hear or anywhere else.

Front 17

Cerebelllum

Back 17

The cerebellum helps control voluntary movements such as eye movement and tracking of moving objects, as well as coordination and balance in behaviors that are very fast

Front 18

Cognition

Back 18

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Front 19

Concept

Back 19

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Front 20

Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning

Back 20

Inductive moves from the particular statements to form a general statement while deductive reasoning looks at the general statements to form a particular one

Front 21

Insight

Back 21

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a promblem

Front 22

Creativity

Back 22

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Front 23

Fixation

Back 23

the inability to see a problem from a new prespective by employing a different mental set

Front 24

Mental Set

Back 24

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Front 25

Overconfidence

Back 25

the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Front 26

Intuition

Back 26

Intuition is a person's capacity to obtain or have direct knowledge and/or immediate insight, without observation or reason. It's the "gut feeling" you get.

Front 27

Framing

Back 27

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Front 28

Grammar

Back 28

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Front 29

Semantics

Back 29

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning

Front 30

Babbling Stage

Back 30

-beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household
-consonant-vowel pairs
-around 10 months, non-recognition of sounds outside of the household language

Front 31

One Word Stage

Back 31

-the stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Front 32

Two Word Stage

Back 32

beginging at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
-early stage in speech development where a child speaks like a telegram(go car) using mostly nouns and verbs.

Front 33

Telegraphic Speech

Back 33

refers to the reduced sentences (resembling telegrams) that distinguish children's speech patterns from around 18 months to two years, demonstrating the basics of early grammar by containing crucial nouns and verbs.

Front 34

Linguistic Determinism

Back 34

the belief that language influences one's interpretation of the world.

Front 35

Biological Rhythm

Back 35

a periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a bilogical system, it may or may not have psychological implications

Front 36

Entrainment

Back 36

the synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues, such as fluctuations in daylight

Front 37

Endogenous

Back 37

generated from within rather than by external cues

Front 38

Circadian Rhythm

Back 38

-“around a day,” occurs once every 24 hours such as sleep wake cycle or body temp flunctuations. Some disorders are jet lag, second wind, Sunday night insomnia, and delayed sleep phase syndrome

Front 39

Ultradian Rhythm

Back 39

-“Beyond a day,” more than one time a day such as sleep stages, stomach contractions and appetite. No disorders

Front 40

Infradian Rhythm

Back 40

-“Below a day,” less than one time a day such as bird migration, hibernation, menstrual cycles. Some disorders are PMS, seasonal affective disorder(SAD), and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Front 41

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Back 41

an area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms

Front 42

Melatonin

Back 42

a hormone secreted by the pineal gland; it is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms...sleeping in a darkened room would raise the level of melatonin

Front 43

nREM sleep

Back 43

- hypnogogic states
-Hypnic Myoclonia-feeling of falling, hallucinations
-Sleeptalking can occur
-Sleepwalking and bedwetting can happen here

Front 44

Paradoxical Sleep

Back 44

brain active, body is not(REM)

Front 45

Hypnogram

Back 45

summarize the information on sleep collected through various tests

Front 46

Sleep Spindles

Back 46

random bursts of activity(stage 2)

Front 47

Actigraphy

Back 47

monitors activity(body movement, sleep)

Front 48

Polysomnography

Back 48

“sleep study” measuring EEG, EOG, EMG, heart rate(EKG), blood oxygen levels, muscle activity, leg movements, breathing

Front 49

Cataplexy

Back 49

loss of use of muscles

Front 50

Sleep Paralysis

Back 50

the person is aware while the body shuts down for REM or before it finishes

Front 51

night terrors

Back 51

nREM

Front 52

REM behavior disorders

Back 52

RBD is usually later, RBD is detailed and story-like and possibly violent; cause of RBD is loss or REM paralysis

Front 53

Wish-fufillment

Back 53

dreams provide insight into our desires, fantasies, and wishes

Front 54

Induction

Back 54

the start of a hypnotic state

Front 55

"hidden observer"

Back 55

can still see what is happening

Front 56

Threshold

Back 56

- the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Front 57

Synapse

Back 57

the site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell

Front 58

Reuptake

Back 58

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

Front 59

Nervous System

Back 59

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Front 60

Nerves

Back 60

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Front 61

Hormones

Back 61

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Front 62

Adrenal Glands

Back 62

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones(epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

Front 63

Pituitary Gland

Back 63

the bodys master gland directed by hypothalamus, sends hormonal messages to other endocrine glands and regulates growth

Front 64

Brain Stem

Back 64

the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus

Front 65

Split brain

Back 65

when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. The surgical operation to produce this condition is called corpus callosotomy and is usually used as a last resort to treat intractable epilepsy

Front 66

Behaviorism

Back 66

the psychological perspective that emphasives the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior

Front 67

conditioned response

Back 67

an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Front 68

neural stimulus

Back 68

stimulus that does not elicit a reflexive response

Front 69

counterconditioning

Back 69

the process of pairing a condition stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

Front 70

successive approximations

Back 70

rewarding each time they get closer to the goal

Front 71

operant chamber/Skinner box

Back 71

A soundproof, light-resistant box or cage used in laboratories to isolate an animal for experiments in operant conditioning and usually containing only a bar or lever to be pressed by the animal to gain a reward, such as food, or to avoid a painful stimulus, such as a shock

Front 72

partial(intermittent) reinforcement

Back 72

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses

Front 73

cognitive map

Back 73

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Front 74

intrinsic motivation

Back 74

motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself

Front 75

Extrinsic motivation

Back 75

motivation that comes from an outside source

Front 76

Edward Throndike

Back 76

puzzle box with cats, operant conditioning

Front 77

Little Albert

Back 77

used classical conditioning to make him scared of rats

Front 78

Albert Bandura

Back 78

observational learning

Front 79

Martin Seligman

Back 79

shocked dogs to demonstrate learned helplessness

Front 80

tabula rasa

Back 80

the behaviorist sees the learner as a blank slate

Front 81

exposure therapies

Back 81

a form of behavior therapy in which a survivor confronts feelings or phobias or anxieties about a traumatic event and relives it in the therapy situation

Front 82

modeling

Back 82

learn by watching someone else

Front 83

shaping

Back 83

step-by-step reinforcement to mold into desired behavior

Front 84

hysteria

Back 84

A psychological disorder whose symptoms include conversion of psychological stress into physical symptoms (somatization), selective amnesia, shallow volatile emotions, and overdramatic or attention-seeking behavior. The term has a controversial history as it was formerly regarded as a disease specific to women

Front 85

psychic determinism

Back 85

the theory that all aspects of a person's psychological makeup arise from specific causes or forces, as previous experiences or instinctual drives, which may be conscious or unconscious.

Front 86

Empiricism

Back 86

Type of research that is based on direct observation.

Front 87

structuralism

Back 87

goal to describe the structure of the mind in terms of the most primitive elements of mental experience

Front 88

Edward Titchener

Back 88

founded structuralism

Front 89

social psychology

Back 89

the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole

Front 90

situational attribution

Back 90

attributing behaviour to be caused by factors outside of a persons control, for instance task difficulty or weather.

Front 91

dispositional attribution

Back 91

when behavior is attributed to internal factors that are directly controllable by a person, e.g. an individuals effort or ability, as opposed to external factors (situational attributions), such as the weather or bad luck.

Front 92

actor-observer effect

Back 92

tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes.

Front 93

normative social influence

Back 93

the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them

Front 94

informative social influence

Back 94

The influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior; we conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more accurate then ours and will help us choose the appropriate course of action.

Front 95

scapegoat theory

Back 95

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Front 96

ehtnic identity

Back 96

is an aspect of both personal identity and social identity and is the degree to which an individual embraces aspects of the culture, behavior, values of their ethnic group.

Front 97

Stanley Milgram

Back 97

social psychologist who had people "shock" others

Front 98

Leon Festinger

Back 98

social psychologist, responsible for the development of the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance,

Front 99

Solomon Asch

Back 99

line experiment that showed conformity

Front 100

Confirmation bias

Back 100

tendency to seek evidence that will confirm our own opinion, or ignore or devalue that which does not.

Front 101

content validity

Back 101

a type of validity that uses expert judgment to assess how well items measure the universe they are intended to measure.

Front 102

criterion validity

Back 102

Validity based on the correlation between test scores and scores on some measure representing an identified criterion.

Front 103

placebo effect

Back 103

A beneficial effect, produced by a placebo drug or treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment

Front 104

descriptive studies

Back 104

Any study that is not truly experimental (e.g., quasi-experimental studies, correlational studies, record reviews, case histories, and observational studies).