Ap Psych Language

Front 1

sub-components of language

Back 1

phonemes
morphemes
syntax

Front 2

phonemes

Back 2

smallest unit of speech - the sound

45 phonemes in english language

Front 3

morphemes

Back 3

meaningful units of language that make up words

Front 4

syntax

Back 4

set of rules used for arrangement of morphemes into meaningful sentences

i.e. "man bites dog" "dog bites man"
syntax tells us what is incorrect

Front 5

development of human language during infancy

Back 5

birth - 2 months = cooing

2 mos - 12 mos = babbling

12 mos = first word

2 yrs - 7 yrs = holophrases and telegraphic speech, adds 6-10 words a day

Front 6

overextension v. underextension

Back 6

over: when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects
i.e. inside of a flower, wheel or anything round is a ball - every woman is mama

under: incorrectly uses word to describe narrow set of objects
i.e. toy box filled with multiple trucks and asks for truck, when parent gives it to them it is wrong "truck"

Front 7

behaviorist perspective on language acquisition

Back 7

places great emphasis on the role of reinforcement and imitation

Front 8

nativist perspective on language acquisition

Back 8

assumes that children make use of language acquisition device (LAD) to acquire transformational rules which enable them to easily translate between surface structure and deep structure

Front 9

interactionist perspective on language acquisition

Back 9

biology and experience both make important contributions to the development of language

Front 10

evidence on language acquisition in animals

Back 10

chimp learning sign language

pygmy chimpanzee could differentiate between chasing and being chased = grammatical rules

Front 11

research on monolingual and bilingual children

Back 11

research suggests that bilingual and monolingual children are largely similar in that the course and rate of their language development

Front 12

superordinate v. subordinate concepts

Back 12

super: very broad, top of food chain, Amber's mug->container -- can continue to break down

sub: very specific grouping - schwebels rye bread --can't break down anymore

Front 13

concept hierarchy

Back 13

levels of concepts from general to specific

Front 14

two types of concepts

Back 14

natural
artificial

Front 15

natural concepts

Back 15

mental representation of objects/events drawn from personal experience - images and emotions

Front 16

prototype

Back 16

ideal example of a conceptual category

Front 17

artificial concepts

Back 17

defined by rules - dictionary definition, math

Front 18

three types of problems - Greeno

Back 18

problems of arrangement
problems of inducing structure
problems of transformation

Front 19

problems of arrangement

Back 19

require people to arrange the parts of a problem in a way that satisfies a criterion. parts can be arranged in many ways, but only one or few form a solution.

Front 20

problems of inducing structure

Back 20

require people to discover the relations among numbers, words, symbols or ideas.

Front 21

problems of transformation

Back 21

require people to carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal.

Front 22

how irrelevant information can hinder problem solving

Back 22

leads people astray
has adverse effects on reasoning

Front 23

functional fixedness

Back 23

the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Front 24

how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving

Back 24

rigid way of thinking of an objects use can cause difficulties

Front 25

mental set

Back 25

exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

Front 26

how mental set can hinder problem solving

Back 26

tends to put one's mind in a rut
rigid

Front 27

how unnecessary constraints can hinder problem solving

Back 27

nine dot problem

people place constraint that aren't stated

Front 28

algorithms

Back 28

methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem

Front 29

heuristics

Back 29

a guiding principal or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions

Front 30

how working backwards can assist in problem solving

Back 30

if you're working with a problem that has a well-specified end point may be easier to start at the end and work backwards

Front 31

how searching for analogies can assist in problem solving

Back 31

if you can spot an analogy between problems, you may be able to use the solution to a previous problem to solve a current one

Front 32

how forming subgoals can assist in problem solving

Back 32

intermediate steps toward solution

facilitate solution

Front 33

field dependent

Back 33

rely on external frames of reference and tend to accept the physical environment as a given instead of trying to analyze or restructure it

tend to focus on the total context of a problem instead of zeroing in on specific aspects or breaking it into component parts

Front 34

field independent

Back 34

rely on internal frames of reference and tend to analyze and try to restructure the physical environment rather than accepting it

more likely to focus on specific features of a problem and to recognize component parts

Front 35

convergent v. divergent thinking

Back 35

divergent: brainstorming -- thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas

convergent: thinking directed toward discovery of an established correct answer

Front 36

how representative heuristics often lead to incorrect conclusions

Back 36

basing estimated probability of an event or person on how similar it is to your prototype.

i.e. cheerleaders are dumb, blondes are dumb

Front 37

how availability heuristics often lead to incorrect conclusions

Back 37

basing estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Front 38

confirmation bias

Back 38

makes us pay attention to events that confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them

Front 39

hindsight bias

Back 39

tendency after learning about an event to believe that one could have predicted the outcome in advance

"I KNEW IT ALL ALONG"

Front 40

anchoring bias

Back 40

bias heuristic caused by basing an estimate on completely unrelated quantity

car dealers/real estate agents -- show you expensive first then downgrade to make you think you're getting a great deal