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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Unit 1: What was Wilhelm Wundt's experiment? |
He measured time lags between people hearing a ball hit a platform and them tapping a telegram key
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Unit 1 #2 Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ______ psychologist. A. biological B. personality C. social D. industrial- organizational E. developmental |
E. developmental |
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Unit 1 #3 Behaviorists dismissed the value of A. spaced practice B. neuroscience C. reinforcement D. science E. introspection |
E. introspection |
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Unit One: Wilhelm Wundt; what is he known for? |
He established the first psychological lab in the University of Leipzig, Germany. |
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Unit One: Definition of psychology. |
Science of behavior and mental processes. |
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Unit One Biological psychology is the study of what? |
genetics/heredity and how it links to mental processes |
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Unit One What is the study of psychology that studies cognitive, physical, and social change throughout life? |
developmental psychology |
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Unit One Who studies, assesses, and treats people with mental illness? |
clinical psychologists. |
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Unit two: Ye tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (aka I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
Hindsight bias |
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Unit two: Thinking we know more than we do |
Overconfidence |
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Unit two: A descriptive technique in which one induavidual or group is studied in depth in hopes of revealing a universal principle |
Case study |
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Unit two Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
Naturalistic observation |
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Unit two A technique for ascertaining self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually questioning s representative, random sample of group |
Survey |
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Unit two A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample |
Sampling bias |
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Unit two a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
random sampling
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Unit two a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and how well one predicts the other |
correlation |
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Unit two the perception of a relationship where none exists |
illusory correlation |
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Unit two assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups |
random assignment |
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Unit two in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
experimental group |
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Unit two in an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to the treatment, contrasts with the experimental groups and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
control group |
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Unit two an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether which research participants have received the treatment or a placebo |
double-blind procedure |
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Unit two the expiramental factor that is manipulated; the variable whos effect is being studies |
independent variable |
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Unit two The outcome factor of the independent variable; the variable that changes in response to the manipulations of the independent variable |
dependent variable |
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Unit two the most requently occuring scores |
mode
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Unit two the average of a distribution of scores |
mean |
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Unit two the middle score in a distribution; half of the score are above and below this number(s) |
median |
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Unit three A neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses towards the cell body |
dendrites |
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Unit Three a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
action potential |
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Unit Three a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing |
all or none response |
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Unit three neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord |
sensory neurons |
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Unit three the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
sympathetic nervous system |
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Unit three the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
parasympathetic nervous system |
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Unit three a neural structure which lies below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
hypothalamus |
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Unit three the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
plasticity |
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Unit three the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins |
Genes |
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Unit three Genetic studies |
if you have a fraternal twin who is divorced you are 1.6 more times likely to get divorced. if you have an identical twin who is divorced you are 5.5 times more likely to get divorced. |
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Unit three The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. |
Heretibility
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Unit three this structure processes information for storing in the long term memory |
hippocampus (long term memory is smart... the hippo on campus is smart) |
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Unit four The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
perception |
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Unit four information processing guided by higher-level mental processes; as we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations |
top-down processing |
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Unit four Theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid a background stimulus. assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experiences, expectations, motivation, and alertness |
signal detection theory |
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Unit four the distance form the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. |
wavelength |
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Unit four The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness of loudness as determined by the wave's amplitude |
intensity |
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Unit four retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (yes, vampire vision). |
rods |
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Unit four retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensation |
cones |
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Unit four a coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through he cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses |
cochlea |
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Unit four the system for sensing the position and movements of individual body parts |
kinesthesia |
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Unit four the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
sensory interaction |
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Unit five a social interaction in which on person responds to another person's suggestions that a certain perceptions, feelings, thought, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
hyphosis |
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Unit five a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
disassociation |
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Unit five rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. aka paradoxical sleep. |
REM-sleep |
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Unit five according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream |
manifest content |
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Unit five according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream |
latent content |
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Unit five a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. |
dreams |
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Unit five drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduces neural activity and slow bodily functions |
depressants |
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Unit five drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, ans methamphetamine) that excite the neural activity and speed up bodily functions |
stimulants |
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Unit six The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without references to mental processes |
behaviorism |
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Unit six In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
discrimination |
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Unit six a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
opperant chamber or Skinner's box |
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Unit six an opperant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide a behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
shaping |
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Unit six in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
fixed ratio |
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Unit six In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
variable ratio |
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Unit six the hopeless and [passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeat aversive events |
learned helplessness |
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Unit six the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards |
self control |
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Unit six leaning by observing others |
observational learning or social learning |
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Unit six frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing to. |
mirror neurons |
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Unit seven a newer understand pf short- term memory that focuses on consciousness, active processing |
working memory |
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Unit seven encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
effortful processing |
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Unit seven unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information |
automatic processing |
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Unit seven memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
mnemonics |
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Unit seven the cource of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time |
Herman Ebbinghaus "forgetting curve" |
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Unit seven the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
retroactive interference |
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Unit seven the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
proactive information |
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Unit seven the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feeling and memories |
repression |
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Unit seven a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently |
heuristics |
