Ap Psych-Ch18-Myers

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Social psychology

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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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Attribution theory

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we tend to give a casual explanation for someones behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

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Fundamental attribution theory

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tendency for observer's, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

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Attitude

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a belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

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Cognitive dissonance theory

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we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent.

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Conformity

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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

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Normative social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.

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Informational social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.

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Social facilitation

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improved performance on tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered.

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Social loafing

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tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then when individually accountable.

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Deindividuation

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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

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Group polarization

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enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group.

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groupthink

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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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Prejudice

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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and it's members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

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Stereotype

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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

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ingroup

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"us" - people with whom one share's a common identity.

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outgroup

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"them" - those percieved as different or apart from one's group.

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ingroup bias

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tendency to favor one's group.

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scapegoat theory

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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

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just-world phenomenon

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the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve.

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aggression

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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

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frustration-aggression principle

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frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger which can generate aggression.

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conflict

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a percieved incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

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social trap

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situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

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mere exposure effect

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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

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passionate love

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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

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companionate love

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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

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equity

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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give it.

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self-disclosure

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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

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altruism

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unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

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bystander effect

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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

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social exchange theory

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our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

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GRIT

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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction. A strategy designed to decrease international tension.