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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the divisions of the Nervous System?
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-Central Nervous System
-Peripheral Nervous System |
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Which Nervous System division includes the brain and spinal cord?
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Central Nervous System
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Which Nervous System division includes everything outside of the brain and spinal cord?
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Peripheral Nervous System
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What "connects" the brain to the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Cranial nerves
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What "connects" the spinal cord to the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Spinal nerves
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What are the "divisions" of the Peripheral Nervous System?
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-Autonomic Nervous System
-Somatic Nervous System |
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Which nervous system division is considered INVOLUNTARY?
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Which nervous system division is considered VOLUNTARY?
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Somatic Nervous System
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What are the functions of the Nervous System?
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-Sensory
-Motor -Association/Interpretation |
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Which function of the Nervous System receives stimuli from the environment and delivers it to the Central Nervous System?
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Sensory
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Which function of the Nervous System stimulates parts of the body to do things?
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Motor
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Which function of the Nervous System connects motor and sensory functions?
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Association/Interpretation
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Name the types of cells of the Nervous System
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-Neuron
-Neuroglia |
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Name the types of neurons
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-Sensory (Afferent)
-Motor (Efferent) -Association/Interpretation (Interneurons) |
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Name the parts of a neuron.
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-Cell body
-Dendrites -Axon |
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What covers a neuron for protection?
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Myelin
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What are the parts on the end of the axon called?
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Synaptic endbulbs
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What is myelin made of?
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Schwann cells
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What are the small gaps between segments of myelin sheaths called?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?
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Helps to speed up the nerve impulses
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What is the space between endbulbs and dendrites of the next neuron called?
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Synaptic Gap
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What is the chemical found within the synaptic endbulbs called?
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Neurotransmitters
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What is the helper of the neuron called?
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Neuroglia
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What are the functions of neuroglia?
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-Hold neurons together or attached neurons to other structures
-Help protect neurons |
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Name some examples of neuroglia.
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-Astrocytes
-Microglia -Oligodendrocytes |
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What is a group of nerve cells/fibers bundled together surrounded by connective tissue called?
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Nerves
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What surrounds each individual nerve cell/fiber?
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Endoneurium
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What is a bundle of nerve cells/fibers called?
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Fascicle
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What is the connective tissue surrounding a fascicle called?
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Perineurium
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What is the connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve called?
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Epineurium
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What is an impulse conduction called?
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Reflex
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What is the path over which a reflex travels called?
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Reflex arc
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Name the types of reflexes.
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-Inborn
-Conditioned |
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What type of reflex consists of all spinal reflexes to include jerk and withdrawl reflexes?
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Inborn
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What type of reflex consists of all vital reflexes to include breathing and cardiac?
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Inborn
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Name some inborn reflexes.
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-Swallowing
-Vomitting -Coughing -Choking |
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What type of reflex involves learning or training in some way?
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Conditioned
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What are the coverings of the brain and spinal cord called?
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-Dura Mater
-Arachnoid -Pia Mater |
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What is the outer layer of the brain and spinal cord called?
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Dura Mater
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What is the middle layer of the brain and spinal cord called?
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Arachnoid
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What is the inner layer of the brain and spinal cord called?
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Pia Mater
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What is the name given to the three layers of the brain and spinal cord combined called?
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Meninges
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What is the area between the Pia Mater and arachnoid called?
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Subarachnoid space
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What is the fluid called in the subarachnoid space called?
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Cerebrospinal
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What is the function of the cerbrospinal fluid?
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Protection
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What are the ascending and descending tracts considered to be made of?
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White matter
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What is the spinal cord considered to be made of?
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Gray matter
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Where does the spinal cord attach?
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Occipital bone to the first or second vertebrae
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What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
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-Cranial nerves
-Spinal nerves -Somatic nervous system -Autonomic nervous system |
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What is the area where a group of nerves intersect one another to reorganize themselves called?
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Nerve plexus
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Which nervous system stimulates SKELETAL muscles?
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Somatic
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Which nervous system stimulates SMOOTH & CARDIAC muscles and GLANDS?
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Autonomic
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system increases blood pressure, temperature, heart rate and decreases digestion?
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Sympathetic
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system decreases blood pressure, temperature, heart rate and increases digestion?
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Parasympathetic
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What is defined as the awareness of internal or external conditions of the body?
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Sensations
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What must be present for a sensation to exist?
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-Stimulus
-Receptor -Conduction -Translation |
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What type of receptor is located near the surface of the body and provides information about external conditions?
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Exteroceptor
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What type of receptor is located deep in the body and provides information about internal conditions?
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Enteroceptor
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What type of receptor is located in muscles, tendons and the internal ear and provides information about kinesthetic sense?
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Proprioceptor
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What tells the amount of tension in muscle?
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Golgi tendon organs
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What tells how much the muscle is stretched out?
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Muscle spindle fibers
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Which receptor detects pressure?
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Mechanoceptor
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Which receptor detects temperature?
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Thermoceptor
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Which receptor detects pain?
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Nociceptor
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Which receptor detects light?
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Photoceptor
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Which receptor detects chmicals?
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Chemoceptor
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What do complex receptors deal with?
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-Eyes
-Ears -Nose -Mouth -Skin |
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What is defined as when a nerve impulse has traveked along a particular pathway, future impulses are more likely to take the same path?
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Law of Facilitation
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What is definsed as anterior spinal cord nerve roots are motor; posterior nerve roots are sensory?
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Bell's Law
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What is defined as any pressure or threat to homeostasis?
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Stress
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What makes up General Adaptation Syndrome?
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-Fight or Flight
-Resistance Reaction -Exhaustion Reaction |
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What hormone is secreted during resistance reaction?
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Cortisol
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Which nervous system is affiliated with fight or flight?
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Autonomic
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Name some physiological effects of stress
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-Digestive Tract
-Reproduction -Bladder -Brain -Hair (Alopecia) -Mouth -Lungs -Heart -Muscles |
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Name some psychological effects of stress
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-Mood
-Behavior -Perception -Thought process -Concentration -Memory |
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Name the adaptation factors to stress
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-Genetics
-Age -Fitness -Restorative Sleep -Proper Nutrition -Supportive Social Network |
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Name the fields of study associated with stress
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-Neuroimmunology
-Psychophysiology -Psychoneuroimmunology |
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Name some effects Massage has on stress
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-Stimulates parasympathetic response
-Reduces cortisol levels -Provides rhythym to bio-rhythyms -Provides safe touch |
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Name some approaches to deal with stress
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-Accupressure
-Meditation -Breathing Methods -Biofeedback -Music Therapy -Hypnosis -Exercise and movement therapies |
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Where are Nociceptors found?
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In almost all tissue
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What is Hyperalgesia?
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Receptors that are more sensitive to pain
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What is pain that still exists with treatment or active cause called?
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Intractable pain
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What are the four factors to accessing pain?
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-Location
-Duration -Intensity -Quality |
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Name the five types of pain
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-Localized
-Projected -Radiating -Referred -Phantom |
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What type of pain is confined to a certain point?
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Localized
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What type of pain is perceived in distal tissue served by a compressed nerve?
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Projected
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What type of pain diffuses out or travels along the path of a compressed nerve?
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Radiating
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What type of pain is felt distant from its site or origin?
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Referred
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What type of pain is "felt" in a body part that is no longer there?
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Phantom
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What occurs when pain stimulation becomes sufficient enough to initiate the firing of pain receptors?
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Pain Threshold
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What is the response to pain called?
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Pain Tolerance
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What is
PAIN-SPASM-PAIN called? |
Pain Cycle
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What theory says pain can be reduced by touch, pressure, cold stimulations, etc.
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Gate Control Theory
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Name some signals that travel faster than pain signals?
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-Touch
-Pressure -Cold Sensations |
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Name some types of pain management
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-RICE
-Analgesics -Massage -Trans-cutaneous Electrical Stimulation -Accupuncture/Accupressure -Distraction _Imagery -Biofeedback -Aromatherapy -Music Therapy -Hypnosis -Heat -Medication -Surgery |
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How is nervous tissue most commonly injured?
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-Excess compression
-Tension forces |
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Name the signs and symptoms of nerve compression injuries
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-Reduced sensory output
-Reduced motor impulses -Pain in a specific dermatome -Motoe weakness in a specific myotome -Hyperesthesia or parasthesia in a region |
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What are the most common sites for nerve compression pathologies?
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-Tunnels...created by soft tissue, bony tissues or a combination of both
-Where nervous system branches -Where nervous system is fixed -Nerves passing close to underlying surfaces |
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What word is used for when a nerve stretches it is pulled in opposite directions from each end?
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Tension Points
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Where is a tension point located?
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In the middle for the opposite forces are met
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Name some chronic degenerative disorders
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-Alzheimer's
-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) -Multiple Sclerosis -Parkinson's Disease -Peripheral Neuropathy -Tremors |
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What is the degenerative disorder of the brain involving shrinkage and death of neural tissue?
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Alzheimer's
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What is the progressive condition that destroys motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to atrophy of muscle tissue?
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease)
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What is the idiopathic disease that involves destruction of myelin sheath around both sensory and motor neurons in the CNS?
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Multiple Sclerosis
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What is the movement disorder involving progressive degeneration of nerve tissue and a reduction of neurotransmitter production in the CNS?
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Parkinson's Disease
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What is the damage to peripheral nerves, usually in hands and feet, and is usually the result of some other condition?
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Peripheral Neuropathy
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What is rhythmic involuntray muscle movement?
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Tremors
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Name some infectious nervous disorders
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-Encephalitis
-Shingles -Polio |
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What is the infection of the CNS (brain) caused by a virus, often transmitted by mosquitoes?
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Encephalitis
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What is the viral infection of sensory neurons caused by Herpes Zoster virus?
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Shingles
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What is the viral infection of anterior spinal cord neurons?
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Polio
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Name some psychiatric nervous disorders
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-Anxiety disorders
-Chemical dependency -Depression -Eating disorders |
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What is the exaggerated irrational feras and attempts to avoid or control them?
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Anxiety disorders
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What is the use of a substance in methods or doses that result in damage to the user or people in contact with the user? Inclused both legal and illegal substances.
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Chemical Dependency
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What is the general term for a number of mood disorders that can result in feelings of sadness, guilt and hopelessness?
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Depression
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What is the group of psychological problems involving compulsions around food and weight gain or loss?
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Eating Disorders
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Name some nervous system injuries
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-Bell's Palsy
-Cerebral Palsy -Spinal Cord Injuries -Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) |
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What is the unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset caused by inflammation or damage to cranial nerve VII, facial nerve?
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Bell's Palsy
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What CNS injury results in motor impairment and possible sensory and cognitive problems that may occur prenatally, at birth or in early infancy?
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Cerebral Palsy
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What is the damage to some percentage of nerve tissue in the spinal canal...damage depends on where and how much of spinal cord is affected
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Spinal Cord Injuries
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What is damage to the brain due to a lack ofoxygen caused by either a blockage or hemorrhage?
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Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
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What is the condition involving acute inflammation and destruction in myelin layer in peripheral nerves, specifically in the extremities?
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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What is pain caused by any number of sources-muscular tension, stress, vascular spasms, chemical imbalance?
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Headaches
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What is the condition that causes seizures, abnormal electrical activity in the brain?
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Seizure Disorders
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What is the condition that makes it difficult to get enough sleep or wake up feeling rested; insomnia, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy, circadian rhythym disruption, etc?
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Sleep Disorders
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