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440 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two layers of the serous membrane? (2)
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(1)visceral layer (2)parietal layer
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NAME
are made up of two layers:the visceral layer and the parietal layer |
serous membrane
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What is the visceral layer?
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covers the organs
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What is the parietal layer?
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attaches to and covers the ventral body wall
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NAME
covers the organs |
visceral layer
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NAME
attaches to and covers the ventral body wall |
parietal layer
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What is the differ btwn the pateital layer and visceral layer?
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(1)parietal layer-attaches to and covers the ventral body wall (2)visceral layer-covers the organ
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What is serous fluid?
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is clear, watery fluid that prevents the friction as the organs move with/in the ventral body cavity
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NAME
is clear , watery fluid that prevents the friction as the organs move with/in the ventral body cavity |
serous fluid
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What are serous membranes named for?
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the cavities they surround
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What is the pluera?
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covers the lungs
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NAME
covers the lungs |
pleura
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What is the peritoneum?
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the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs
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NAME
is the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs |
peritoneum
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What is the pericardium?
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covers the heart
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NAME
covers the heart |
pericardium
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What are the three different thoaracic serous memebranes?
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(1)pleura (2)pericardium (3)peritoneum
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what is retro mean?
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backward
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NAME
means backward |
retro
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What is retroperitoneal?
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are a few organs that are located posterior to the peritoneum
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NAME
are a few oragns that are located posterior to the peritoneum |
retroperitoneal
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What is mesentery?
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encircles and holds the small intestine to the dorsal body cavity wall
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NAME
encircles and holds the small intestine to the dorsal body cavity wall |
mesentery
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What is greater omentum?
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is suspended from the inferior portion of the stomach and covers the intestines
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NAME
is suspended from the inferior portion of the stomach and covers the intestines |
greater omentum
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What is the lesser omentum?
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suspends the superior portion of the stomach and liver
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NAME
suspends the superior portion of the stomach and liver |
lesser omentum
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What are the differ parts of the axial skeletion? (10)
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(1)skull (2)thoracic cage (3)coccyx (4)sacrum (5)intervertebral discs (6)verterbrae (7)ribs (8)sternum (9)costal cartilages (10)verterbral columumn
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the sternum is (1) to the vertebrae
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anterior
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the orbit is (1) to the oral cavity
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superior
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the heart is (1) to the lungs
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medial
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the carpus is (1) to the brachium
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distal
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the right lung and the right kindey are (1)
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lateral
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the skin (1) to the bones
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superficial
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What is the clavicle?
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the collar bone
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NAME
refers to the collar bone |
clavicle
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What is the scapula?
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refers the bones in your shoulder blade
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NAME
refers to the bones in your shoulder blade |
scapula
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How many bones are in your hands?
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27
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What is the humerus?
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the arm bone
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NAME
refers to the arm bone |
humerus
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What is ulna?
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is the medial bone of the forearm
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NAME
is the medial bone of the forearm |
ulna
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What is the radius?
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is the lateral bone of the forearm
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NAME
is the lateral bone of the forearm |
radius
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What is the carpus?
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refers to the bones in your wrist
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NAME
refers to the bones in your wrist |
carpus
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What is the metacarpus?
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refers to the bones in the palm of your hand
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NAME
refers to the bones in your palm of your hand |
metacarpus
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What are the phalanges?
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refers to the bones in your fingers
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NAME
refers to the bones in your fingers |
phalanges
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What are the two bones of the pelvis gridle?
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(1)Os coxae
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What does os coaxe mean?
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hip bones
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NAME
refers to the hip bones |
os coaxe
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What is the femur?
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is the thigh bone
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NAME
is the thigh bone |
femur
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What is the Patella?
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refers to the bones in the knee cap
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NAME
refers to the bones in your knee cap |
Patella
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What is the tibia?
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is the weight bearing leg bone
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NAME
refers to the weight bearing leg bone |
tibia
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What is the fibula?
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refers to the leg bone
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NAME
refers to the leg bone that is important for muscle attachment |
fibula
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NAME
is the weight bearing bone of the two leg bones |
tibia
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What is the largest and strongest bone in the human skeleton ?
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femur
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the femur is the (1) and (2) bone in the human skeleton
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(1)largest (2)strongest
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What is tarsus?
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refers to the bones in ankle
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NAME
refers to the bones in the ankle |
tarsus
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What are the matatarsus?
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are the five bones btwn the tarsus and phalanges bones in the foot
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NAME
are the five bones btwn the tarsus and phalanges bones in the foot |
matatarsus
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What are the phalanges?
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are the bones in your toes
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NAME
are the bones in your toes |
phalanges
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What is the largest tarsal bone?
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calcaneus
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Calacaneus is the (1)
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largest tarsal bone
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What is the calcaneus?
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is your heel bone
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NAME
is your heel bone |
calcaneus
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What are the different types of epithelium cells in which the classifaction is based on the number of layers? (2)
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(1)simple (2)strafied
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Simple and strafied epithelia cells are classfied based on their (1)
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number of layers
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Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelia cells are classfied on the (1)
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basis on thier cell shape
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What are the different types of epithelium cells that are classfied acording to thier cell shape? (3)
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(1)squamous (2)cuboidal (3)columnar
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What is a simple epithelia cell?
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has a single layer
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What is a strafied epithelia cell?
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is composed of 2 or more cell layers stacked on top of the other
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NAME THIS TISSUE CELL
is composed of 2 or more cell layers stacked on top of the other |
strafied epithelia
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NAME THIS TISSUE CELL
has a single layer |
simple epithelia cell
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What are squamous epithelia cells?
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are cells that are flattened and scalelike
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NAME THIS TISSUE CELL
are cells that are flattened and scalelike |
sqaumous epithelia
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What are cubiodal epithelia cells?
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are boxlike
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NAME THIS TISSUE CELL
these cellsa are boxlike |
cubiodal epithelia cells
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NAME THIS TISSUE CELL
are tall and columnar shaped |
columnar epithelia cells
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What are columnar epithelia cells?
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are tall and columnar shaped
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What do each othe two names of the epithelium mean?
for ex: simple columnar epithelia |
(1)first part= the number of cell layers present
(2)secound part= the shape of the cells |
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What is pseudostrafied epithelia mean?
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has single layers of cells of differing hieghts
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NAME THIS TISSUE CELL
has a single layer of cells of differing heights |
pseudostrafied
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What are transitional epithelia cells?
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are cells that have both strafied and squamous chartersitcs
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NAME THIS TISSUE CELL
are cells that have both strafied and squamous characterics |
transitional epithelia cells
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What are areolar loose connective tissue proper?
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is a gel-like matrix w all 3 types of fibers
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NAME TISSUE
is a gel-like matrix w all 3 types of fibers |
areolar loose connective tissue
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What is adipose connective tissue proper?
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is martix that is very sparse and has fat cells
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NAME TISSUE
is a matrix that is very sparse and has fat cells |
adipose connective tissue proper
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What is dense reg connective tissue?
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has parellel collagen fibers
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NAME TISSUE
has parellel collagen fibers |
dense regular connective tissue
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NAME TISSUE
this tissue can w/stand great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction |
dense regular connective tissue proper
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Dense regular connective tissue can w/stand great (1)
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tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
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NAME TISSUE
has irregularly arranged collagen fibers |
dense irregular connective tissue
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What is dense irregular connective tissue?
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has irregularly arranged collagen fibers
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How many bones are in the adult body?
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206 bones
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NAME TISSUE
can w.stand tension exerted in many directions |
dense irregular connective tissue proper
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dense irregular connective tissue proper can w/ stand (1)
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tensions exerted in many directions
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What is the general role of epitehlia tissue?
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covering
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NAME TISSUE
the general role of this tissue is covering |
epithelia
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What is the general role of connective tissue?
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support
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NAME TISSUE
the general role of this tissue is support |
connective tissue
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What is the general role of muscle tissue?
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movement
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NAME TISSUE
the general role of this tissue is movement |
muscle
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NAME TISSUE
the general role of this tissue is control |
nervou tissue
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What is the general role of nervous tissue?
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control
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What are the four primary tissues?
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(1)epithelial (2)connective (3)muscle (4)nervous
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What is a muscle?
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a organ
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NAME
is a organ |
muscle
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What is a fasicicle?
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a portion of the muscle
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NAME
a portion of the muscle |
fascicle
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What is a muscle fiber?
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is muscle cell
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NAME
is a muscle cell |
muscle fiber
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What is a myofibril or fibril?
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is a complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments
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NAME
is a complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments |
myofibril or fibril
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What is sarcomere?
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is a segement of myofibril
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NAME
is a segement of myofibril |
sarcomere
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What is myofilament?
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exteneded macromolecular structure
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NAME
is extended macromolecular structure |
myofilament
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Muscles are covered externally by the (1)
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epimysium
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(1) are covered externally by the epimysium
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muscles
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Fascicle is surrounded by a (1)
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perimysium
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(1) is surrounded by a perimysium
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fascicle
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A muscle fiber is surrounded by (1)
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endomysium
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A (1)is surrounded by endomysium
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muscle fiber
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NAME MUSCLE
is attached to bone or to the skin |
skeletal
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NAME MUSCLE
is single very long cylindrical multinucleate cells w very obvisous striations |
skeletal
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NAME MUSCLE
its three connective tissue components are epimyisum, perimysium, and endmysium |
skeletal
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NAME MUSCLE
has myofibrils composed of saromeres |
skeletal
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NAME MUSCLE
can be found in the walls of the heart |
cardiac
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NAME MUSCLE
has branching of cells, and uni-binucleate and striations |
cardiac
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NAME MUSCLE
has endomysium attached to fibrous skeletlon of heart |
cardiac
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NAME MUSCLE
has myofibrils that are of irregular thickness |
cardiac
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NAME MUSCLE
has no gap junctions |
skeletal
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NAME MUSCLE (2)
the site of Ca regulation is at the troponin on actin contaning thin filaments |
sketeal and cardiac
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NAME MUSCLE
the speed of contraction is from slow to fast |
skeletal
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NAME MUSCLE
the speed of contraction is slow |
cardiac
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NAME MUSCLE
the speed of contraction is very slow |
smooth
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NAME MUSCLE
is a single unit muscle in the walls of hollow visercal organs, is also a multiunit muscle in the intrisnic eye muscles |
smooth
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NAME MUSCLE
is single fusiform, uninucleate,and has no striations |
smooth
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NAME MUSCLE
its connective tissue components are the endomysium |
smooth
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NAME MUSCLE
has no T tubules |
smooth
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NAME MUSCLE
has one tubules in each sarcomere at Z disc |
cardiac
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NAME MUSCLE
has two tubules in each sarcomere at A-I junctions |
skeletal
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Skeletal muscles are (1)
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voluntary
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What are four chracteristic of all muscles? (4)
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(1)exictability (2)contractility (3)extensibility (4)elasticity
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What are the four functions of muscles?
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(1)produce movement (2)maintaining posture (3)stablizing joints (4)generating heat
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What are the three connective tissue sheaths of the skeletal muscles/
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(1)endomysium (2)perimysium and fascicles (3)epimysium
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What is sarocplasm?
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part of muscle fiber that is similar to the cytoplasm of other cells but contains large amounts of glycosomes
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NAME
is part of muscle fiber that is similar to the cytoplasm of other ells but contains large amounts of glycosomes |
sacroplasm
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What is myoglobin?
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is a pigament that stores oxygen
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NAME
is a pigment that stores oxygen |
myoglobin
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What are striations?
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are repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands
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NAME
are repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands |
striations
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A band has lighter stripe in its midsection called (1)
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H zone
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What is a H zone?
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is a ligher stripe in the midsection of the A band
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When are H zones visible?
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only when the muscle is relaxed
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(1) zones are only visible when the muscle is relaxed
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H zones
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What is the M line?
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is a dark line that bisectes the H zone vertically
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NAME
is a dark line that biscets the H zone vertically |
M line
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What is the Z disc?
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is a dark area that intterpets the I band in the middle section
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NAME
is a dark area that interputs the I band in the middle section |
Z disc
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What are thick filaments?
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extend the entire length of the A band
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NAME
extend the lengh of the A band |
thick filaments
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What are thin filaments?
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extend across the I band and partway into the A band
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NAME
extend across the I band partway into the A band |
thin filaments
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What protien makes the Z disc?
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nebulin
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What is nebulin?
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a protien that makes up the Z disc
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What are thin filaments made up of?
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actin
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NAME
are made up of actin |
thin filaments
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What are G actin?
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are subunits of actin
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What does G actin stand for?
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globular actin
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NAME
are subunits of actin |
G actin
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What is F actin?
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are long G actin monomers that are polymerized into long actin filaments
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NAME
are long G actin monomer that are polymerized into long actin filaments |
F actin
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What is tropomyosin?
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are rod shaped protiens that spiral about the actin and core and help to stiffin it
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NAME
are rod shaped protiens that spiral about the actin and core and help to stiffin it |
tropmyosin
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What is troponin?
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is another major protien of thin filaments
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What is troponin?
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is a three polypeptide complex that is major protin in a thin filament
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NAME
is a three polypeptide complex that is major proien in a thin filament |
troponin
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What are the (3) polypeptide complexes of troponin?
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(1)TnI (2)TnT (3)TnC
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NAME
is made up of TnI, TnT,and TnC |
troponin
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What is TnI?
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is an inhibitory subunit that binds to actin
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NAME
is an inhibitory subunit that binds to actin |
TnI
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What is TnT?
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binds to tropomyosin and helps to postion actin
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NAME
binds to tropmyosin and helps to postion actin |
TnT
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What is TnC?
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binds to Ca
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NAME
binds to Ca |
TnC
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What are elastic filaments?
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are composed of titin
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NAME
are composed of the protein titin |
elastic filaments
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What are the two basic functions of titin?
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(1)holding the thick filaments in place thus maintaining the organization of the A band (2)assisting the muscle cell to spring back into shape after being streched
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NAME
holding the thick filaments in place thus maintaing the organization of the A band and assisting the muscle cell to spring back into shape after being streched |
titin
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What are T tubules?
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is the sarcolemma of the muscle cell penetrates into the cell interior to form an elongated tube that is at each A band-I band junction
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NAME
is the sarcolemma of the muscle cell penetrates into the cell interior to form an elongated tube that is at each A band-I band junction |
T tubules
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What is synaptic cleft?
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is a gel-like extracellular substance rich in glycoprotiens
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NAME
is a gel-like extracellular substance rich in glycoproteins |
synaptic cleft
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What are synaptic vesicles?
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are small membranous sacs containing the neurotransmitter ACh
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NAME
are small memranous sacs containing the neurotransmitter ACh |
synaptic vesicles
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What does ACh stand for?
|
acetycholine
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What is acetylcholinesterase?
|
is responsible for after ACh binds to ACh receptors, breaking down its building blocks to acetic acid and choline
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NAME
is responsible for after ACh binds to ACh receptors, breaking it down its building blocks to acetic acid and choline |
acetylcholinesterse
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What does GH stand for?
|
growth hormone
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What does TSH stand for?
|
thryoid stimulating horomone
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What does ACTH stand for?
|
adrencortiotropic hormone
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WHat does FSH stand for?
|
follicle stimulating hormone
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What specfic events stimulates GHRH? (6)
|
(1) low blood level of GH
as well as by a number of secoundary triggers including (2)estrogens,(3) hypoglycemia,(4) increases in blood levels of amino acids,(5) excerise (6) other types of stressers |
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NAME
is stimulated by GHRH releases which is triggered by low blood level of GH as well as by a number of secoundary triggers including estrogens, hypoglycemia, increases in blood levels of amino acids, excerise, and other types of stressers |
GH
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What inhibits GH? (all cases)(5)
|
is inhibited by feedback inhibition excereted by GH and IGF's (2)hyperglycemia (3)hyperlipidemia(4) obesity (5)emotional deprivation all of which elicit GHIH release
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NAME
is inhibited by feedback inhibition excereted by GH and IGF's and by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity and emotional deprivation all of which elicit GHIH release |
GH
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What specifcally stimiulates the release of TSH? include indirectly as well (3)
|
is stimulated by TRH and indirectly by (2)pregrancy (3) cold temperature
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NAME HORMONE
is stimulated by TRH and indirectly by pregrancy and cold temperatures |
TSH
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What is TSH inhibited by? (specfically) (2)
|
is inhibited by feedback inhibittion exerted by throid hormones on anterior pituritary and hypothalamus (2)GHIH
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NAME
is inhibited by feedback inhibittion exerted by throid hormones on anterior pituritary and hypothalamus and by GHIH |
TSH
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What specfic events can trigger the release of CRH? (3)
|
(1)fever (2) hypoglycemia (3)other stressers
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NAME
is stimulated by CRH stimuli that increases CRH release include fever, hypoglycemia, and other stressers |
ACTH
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What inhibits ACTH?
|
feedback inhibition exerted byglucocorticoids
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NAME
is ihhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by glucocorticoids |
ACTH
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What stimulates FSH?
|
GnRH
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NAME HORMONE
is stimulated by GnRH |
FSH
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What inhibits FSH? (2)
|
feedback inhibitation exerted by estrogen in females (2) testosterone and inhibion in males
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NAME
is inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by estrogen in females and testosterone and inhibition in males |
FSH
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NAME HORMONE
its target organs are liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissue |
GH
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What does the GH do? (3)
|
stimulates somatic (2) growth, moblizes fats, (3)spares glucose
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NAME HORMONE
stimulates somatic growth, moblizes fats, and spares glucose |
GH
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NAME HORMONE
it's target organ is the adrenal cortex |
ACTH
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What organ does TH target?
|
thyroid gland
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What does ACTH do?
|
promotes release of glucocorticoids and andregoens
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NAME
promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens |
ACTH
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What organs do FSH target?
|
ovaries and testes
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|
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NAME HORMONE
target the ovaries and testes |
FSH
|
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|
What does FSH do?
|
stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen and estrogen production (2)in males, stimulates sperm production
|
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NAME HORMONE
in females stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production and in males, stimulates sperm production |
FSH
|
|
|
What does LH stand for?
|
Lutenizing hormone
|
|
|
What does PRL stand for?
|
prolactin
|
|
|
What does ADH stand for?
|
Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin
|
|
|
What does hyposecretion mean?
|
not enough secertion of a particular hormone
|
|
|
NAME
means thier is not enough secretion of particular hormone |
hyposecretion
|
|
|
What is hypersecretion?
|
is when thier is to much secretion of a particular hormone
|
|
|
NAME
is when thier is to much secretion of a particular homrone |
hypersecretion
|
|
|
NAME HORMONE
hyposecretion of this hormone will result in pitutiary dwarfism in children |
GH
|
|
|
What will happen if thier hyposecretion of GH?
|
pituitary dwarfism in children
|
|
|
NAME HORMONE
if there is hypersecretion of this hormone, it will result in gigantism in childrin |
GH
|
|
|
What will happen in their is hyperserection of GH?
|
it will result in gigantism in children
|
|
|
NAME HORMONE
hyposercetion of this hormone will result in cretinism in children and mysecdema in adults |
TSH
|
|
|
What will happen if thier is hyposecretion of TSH?
|
cretinism in children and mysecdema in adults
|
|
|
What will happen if thier is hypersecretion of TSH?
|
graves disease
|
|
|
NAME HORMONE
the hypersecretion of this hormone will restult in Grave's disease |
TSH
|
|
|
What will result if thier is a hypersecretion of ACTH?
|
crushing's disease
|
|
|
NAME HORMONE
the hypersecretion of this hormone will result in Crushing's disease |
ACTH
|
|
|
What will happen if their is a hyposecretion of FSH?
|
failure of sexual maturation
|
|
|
NAME HORMONE
if thier is hyposecretion of this hormone, it will result in the failure of sexual maturation |
FSH
|
|
|
NAME HORMONE
if thier is a hypersecretion of this hormone, it will result in no important effects |
FSH
|
|
|
What will happen if thier is a hypersecretion of FSH?
|
no important effects
|
|
|
What are erythrocytes?
|
red blood cells
|
|
|
NAME
are red blood cells |
erythocytes
|
|
|
What are leukocytes?
|
are white blood cells
|
|
|
NAME
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
leukocytes
|
|
|
NAME
phagocytize bacteria |
neutrophil
|
|
|
What are neutrophil?
|
phagocytize bacteria
|
|
|
What are eosinophil?
|
kill parastic worms, destroy antigens, antibody complexes, and incativate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy
|
|
|
NAME
kill parastic worms, destroy antigens, antibody complexes,and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy |
eosinophil
|
|
|
NAME
are the rarest of the blood cells |
basophils
|
|
|
What is the order of the blood cells?
|
Never Let Monkeys Eat bananans
N=neutrophil L=lymphocyte M=monocyte E=Eosinophil B=basophil |
|
|
What are the agranulocytes?
|
are lymphcytes and monocytes
|
|
|
NAME
include lymphocytes and monocytes |
agranulocytes
|
|
|
NAME
are the most numerous of the white blood cells |
neutrophils
|
|
|
NAME
release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, and contain heparin |
neutrophils
|
|
|
What are neutrophils?
|
release histamine and other mediators of inflammation and contain heparin
|
|
|
Which blood type is kidney shaped?
|
monocyte
|
|
|
Monocytes are (1) shaped
|
kidney
|
|
|
NAME
mount an immune response by direct cell attack via antibodies |
lymphocyte
|
|
|
What are lymphocytes?
|
mount an immune response by direct cell attacj via antibodes
|
|
|
What are monocytes?
|
phagocytosis and develop into marcophages in tissues
|
|
|
NAME
phagocytosis and develop into marcophages in tissue |
monocytes
|
|
|
What are platelts?
|
seal small tears in blood vessels and instrumental in blood clotting
|
|
|
NAME
seal small tears in blood vessels and are instrumental in blood clotting |
platelts
|
|
|
What are the divsions of the ANS?
|
(1)parasymathtics (2)sympathetic
|
|
|
NAME
its divisions include the parasympathitics and sympathetic |
ANS
|
|
|
NAME
normally exert anatagonistic effects on many of the same target organs |
ANS
|
|
|
What is parasympathitic division?
|
conserves body energy and maintains body activites at basal levels
|
|
|
NAME
conserves body energy and maintains body activites at basal levels |
parasympathitic division
|
|
|
What are the effects of the parasympathic nervous system? (4)
|
include (1)pupillary constriction (2)glandular secretion (3)increased digestive tract mobility (4)smooth muscle activity leading to elimination of feces and urine
|
|
|
NAME
its effect include papillary constriction, grandular secretion, increased digestive tract mobility, and smooth muscle activity leading to elimination of feces and urine |
parasympathic division
|
|
|
What is the sympathetic division?
|
activates the body under conditions of emergency
|
|
|
NAME
activites the body under conidtions of emergency |
sympathetic division
|
|
|
NAME
is the flight or fight system |
sympathic divsion
|
|
|
What are some sympathetic responses? (6)
|
(1)ditlated pupils (2)increased heart and respiratory rates (3)incrased blood pressure (4)dilation of the braonchioles and the lungs (5)increased blood glucose levels and sweating
|
|
|
What does the sympathetic division do during exercise?
|
sympathitic vasoconstriction shunts blood from the skin and digestive viscrea to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles
|
|
|
What is the ANS?
|
is the motor division of the PNS that controls the viscreal activites w the goal of maintianing internal homeostasis
|
|
|
NAME
is the motor division of the PNS that controls the viscreal activites w the goal of maintaing internal homeostasis |
ANS
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn the somatic and autonomic division?
|
(1)somatic provides motor fibers to skeletal muscles and is voluntary (2)Ans is involuntary and provides the motor fibers smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
|
|
|
What is the somatic division?
|
is voluntary and provides motor fibers to skeletal muscles
|
|
|
NAME
is voluntary and provides motor fibers to skeletal muscles |
somatic division
|
|
|
What is autonomic division?
|
is involuntary and provides the motor fibers w smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
|
|
|
NAME
is involuntary and provides the motor fibers w smooth and cardiac muscles and glands |
ANS
|
|
|
Describe the efferent pathways of somatic division?
|
has a single motor neuron forms the efferent pathway from the CNS to the effectors
|
|
|
NAME
has a single motor neuron that forms the efferent pathways from the CNS to the effector |
somatic
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn the efferent pathways in the somatic and the ANS?
|
(1)somatic - has a single motor neuron that form the efferent pathway from the CNS to the effectors (2)ANS-consists of two neuron chain
|
|
|
Describe the efferent pathways of the ANS?
|
consists of two neuron chain
|
|
|
NAME
consists of two neuron chian |
ANS
|
|
|
What are the (2) parts of the ANS's two neuron chain?
|
(1)the preganglonic neuron in the CNS (2)the ganglionic neuron in the ganglion
|
|
|
NAME
has a preganglonic neuron in the CNS, and the gangolionic neuron in the ganglion |
ANS
|
|
|
What is Acetylcholine?(2)
|
is a neurotransmitter of somatic motor neurons (2)is stimulatroy skeletal muscle fibers
|
|
|
NAME
is a neurotransmitter of somatic motor neuron, is stimulatroy to skeletal muscle fibers |
Acetoyglcholine
|
|
|
(1) released by the (1) can cause exiction or inhibition
|
(1)Neurotransmitters (2)ANS motor neurons
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters released by the An motor neurons can cause (1)
|
exiction or inhibition
|
|
|
(1) is released by all preganglonic and all parasympathic fibers
|
ACh
|
|
|
(1) is released by all sympathic postgangilic fibers except those serving the sweat glands of the skin, some blood vessels w/in the skeletal muscles and external genitilia
|
NE
|
|
|
ACh is releaseed by all (1) and (2)
|
preganglonic and all parasympathic fibers
|
|
|
NE is released by all (1) except those serving the (1)
|
(1)sympathic postganglic fibers (2)the sweat gland of the skin, some blood vessels w/in the skeletal muscles and external genitliia
|
|
|
What does effect of a neurotransmitter depend on?
|
the receptors to which the neurotransmitters bind
|
|
|
ACh receptors are classifed as (1)and (2)
|
(1)nicotinic (2)muscarinic
|
|
|
NAME
receptors are classifed as nicotonic nad muscarinic |
ACh
|
|
|
What does NE stand for?
|
Adrengeric
|
|
|
NE are classifed as
|
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta1, beta 2, and beta 3
|
|
|
NAME
can be classifed as aplha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 |
NE receptors
|
|
|
Drugs that mimic, enhance or inhibit the action of ANS neurotransmitters are used to treat conidtions caused by (1)
|
excessive inadequate ANS functioning
|
|
|
Drugs that (1) are used to treat conditions caused by excessive inadequate ANS functioning
|
mimic enhance or inhibit the action of the ANS
|
|
|
Explain how Autonomic functions are controled? (3)
|
(1)reflex activity is mediated by the spinal cord and brain stem (2)the hypothalamus integration centers interact w both higher and lower centers to orchestrate autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses. (3)cortical centers influence autonomic functioning via connections w the limbic system
|
|
|
What is Hirschsprung's disease?
|
is when the parasymoathetic innervation of the distal colon fails to develop normally,
|
|
|
NAME
is when the parasympathetic innervation of the distal colon fails to develop normally |
Hirschsprung's disease
|
|
|
What is orthostatic hypotension?
|
is a form of low blood pressure occurs bc the aging sympathetic vasocontricor centers respond more slowly to postion changes
|
|
|
NAME
is a form of low blood perssure that occurs bc the aging sympathetic vasocontricor centers respond more slowly to postion changes |
orthstatic hypotension
|
|
|
Most autonomic disorders reflect problems w (1)
|
smooth muscle control
|
|
|
What stimulates LH?
|
GnRH
|
|
|
NAME
is stimulated by GnRH |
LH
|
|
|
What inhibits LH?
|
by feedback inhibition exerted by estergen and progesteron in females and males
|
|
|
NAME
is inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by estergn and progesteron in females and males |
LH
|
|
|
What are the target organs that LH effects?
|
ovaries and testes
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone, targest and effects the ovaries and testes |
LH
|
|
|
What are the effects of LH/ what does it do?
|
in females triggers ovulation and stimulation of ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone (2)in males, promotes tetsosterone production
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone effects in females triggers ovulation and stimulation of ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone, and in males promotes testosterone production |
LH
|
|
|
What stimulates PRL?
|
is stimulated by PRH furthermore, PRH release is enhanced by estrogens, birth control pills, opiates, and breast feeding
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone is stimulated by PRH. Furthermore, PRH release is enhanced by estrogen, birth control pills, opiates, and breat feeding |
PRL
|
|
|
What inhibits PRL?
|
inhibited by PIH
|
|
|
NAME
is inhibited by PIH |
PRL
|
|
|
What stimulates Oxytocin?
|
is stimulated by impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to cervical/uterine streching and suckling infant at the breast
|
|
|
NAME
is stimulated by impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to cervical/uterine streching and suckling infant at the breast |
oxytocin
|
|
|
What inhibits oxytocin?
|
lack of approriate neural stimuli
|
|
|
NAME
is inhibted by lack of appropiate neural stimul |
oxytocin
|
|
|
What stimulates ADH? (2)
not refering to the hormone that does but the events that triggers the one hormone to trigger ADH |
impulses from hypothamlmic neurons in response to increased osmolarity of blood (3)decreased blood volumne and (3)by pain, (4)some drugs, and (5)low blood pressure
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone is stimulated by impulses from hypothamlmic neurons in response to increased osmolarity of blood or decreased blood volumne and (2)by pain, some drugs, and low blood pressure |
ADH
|
|
|
What inhibits ADH?
|
by adquate hydration of the body and alcholol
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone is adquate hydration of the body and alcholol |
ADH
|
|
|
What is the target organ that PRL effect?
|
breast secretory tissue
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone, target;s breast secrteory tissue |
PRL
|
|
|
What does PRL do?
|
promates laction
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone promates laction |
PRL
|
|
|
the hyposecretion of PRL would result in?
|
poor milk production in nursing woman
|
|
|
NAME
the hyposecertion of this hormone, would result in poor milk production in nursing women |
PRL
|
|
|
What does the hypersecretion of this hormone result in?
|
innappropiate milk production in males
|
|
|
NAME
the hypersecretion of this hormone will result in innappropiate milk production in males |
PRL
|
|
|
What is the target organ for oxytocin?
|
the uterus
|
|
|
NAME
the target organ of this hormone is the uterus |
oxytocin
|
|
|
What does the oxytocin do?
|
stimulates uterine contractions and initates labor, and initates milk ejection
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor and milk ejection |
oxytocin
|
|
|
What is the target organ of ADH?
|
the kidneys
|
|
|
NAME
the target organ of this homrone is the kidneys |
ADH
|
|
|
What is does ADH do?
|
stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water |
ADH
|
|
|
What will the hyposecretion of ADH result in?
|
disbates insipdus
|
|
|
NAME
the hyposecretion of this hormone will result in diabats insipdus |
ADH
|
|
|
What will the hypersecretion of ADH hormone result in?
|
syndrom of inapproiate ADH secection
|
|
|
NAME
the hypersecretion of this homrone will result in inapprioate ADH secretion |
ADH
|
|
|
What is the hypohyseal portal system?
|
is the primary and secoundary capillary plexuses and the intervening hypophsyeal portal veins
|
|
|
NAME
refers to the primary and secoundary capillary plexuses and the intervening hypophsyeal veins |
hypohyseal portal system
|
|
|
Via the hypohyseal portal system, (1) secreted by neurons in the hypothalamus circulate to the adenohypohysis
|
releasing and secreting hormones
|
|
|
What is the adenohypophysis?
|
is where they regulate secretion of hormones
|
|
|
NAME
is where they regulate secretion of its hormones |
adenohypophysis
|
|
|
The (1) was traditionally called the master endocrine gland
|
adenohypophysis
|
|
|
The adenohypophysis was traditionally called the (1)
|
master endocrine gland
|
|
|
T or F
the adenohypophysis is the master endocrine gland |
false
|
|
|
What is the today considered the master endocrine gland? why?
|
the hypothalamus bc it is known to control the the anterior pituitray activity
|
|
|
NAME
this is known the be the master endocrine gland bc it is known to control the anterior pituitary activity |
hypothalamus
|
|
|
The hypothalamus is considered the master (1)
|
endocrine gland
|
|
|
What does POMC stand for?
|
pro-opiomelanocortin
|
|
|
What does the POMC stand for?
|
pro-opiomelanocortin
|
|
|
What is the POMC?
|
is pro-hormone that is a large precursor molecule that can be into two or more hormones
|
|
|
NAME
is a pro-hormone that is a large precuror molecule that can split into two or more hormones |
POMC
|
|
|
What are the two hormones that POMC can split into to? (2)
|
(1)adrenocorticotropic hormone (2)MSH
|
|
|
NAME
this homrones is large precusor molecule that can split inot adrenocoritcotrioic hormones and MSH |
POMC
|
|
|
What does MSH stand for?
|
melanocyte stimulating hormone
|
|
|
NAME
is the source of adrenocorticotropic hormone and MSH |
POMC
|
|
|
What is MSH?
|
stimulates the melanocytes to increase the synthesis of melanin pigment in reptiles, apmphibians, and other animals
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone stimulates the melanocytes to increase the synthesis of melanin pigment in reptiles, amphibians, and other animals |
MSH
|
|
|
T or F
MSH plasma levels are insiginficcant in humans and are more important as neurotrasmitter |
true
|
|
|
Tropic hormones are also called (1)
|
tropins
|
|
|
(1)hormones are also called tropins
|
tropic
|
|
|
What are the different tropic hormones? (4)
|
(1)TSH (2)ACTH (3)FSH (4)LH
|
|
|
NAME
include the TSH, ACTH, FSH, and lH |
tropic hormones
|
|
|
What are the tropic hormones?
|
are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands
|
|
|
NAME
are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands |
tropic hormones
|
|
|
All of the hypothalamic regulatory hormones are (1) based
|
amino acid
|
|
|
T or F
all of the hypothalamic regulatory hormones are amino acid based |
true
|
|
|
T or F
all of the anterior pituitary hormones target thier cells via cAMP |
true
|
|
|
How do all the anterior pituitray hormones target thier cells?
|
via cAMP
|
|
|
What does GH stand for?
|
growth hormone
|
|
|
What produces GH?
|
somatropic cells of the anterior pituitary lobe
|
|
|
NAME
this hormones is produced by the somatropic cells of the anterior pituitray lobe |
GH
|
|
|
Although GH stimulates most body cells to increase size and divide, its major targets are the (1) and (2)
|
(1)bone (2)skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Stimulation of epiphyseal plate leads to (1) growth
|
lone bone
|
|
|
Stimulation of (1) leads to lone bone growth
|
epiphyseal plate
|
|
|
Stimulation of skeletal muscles promotes increased (1)
|
muscle mass
|
|
|
Stimulation of (1) promotes increased muscle mass
|
skeletal muscles
|
|
|
other than cause cells to increase their size and divide, GH can also promote (1), (2), thus (3)
|
(1)protien synthesis (2)encourages the use of fats for feul (3)conserving glucose
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone can also promote protien synthesis and encourge the use of fats, thus conserving glucose |
GH
|
|
|
Most growth promoting effects of GH are mediated indirectly by (1)
|
IGFs
|
|
|
What does IGFs stand for?
|
insulin like growth factors
|
|
|
What does IGFs stand for?
|
insulin like growth factors
|
|
|
IGFs are also called (1)
|
somateomedins
|
|
|
(1) are also called somateomadins
|
IGFs
|
|
|
What are IGFS?
|
is a family of growth promoting protiens produced by the liver, skeletal mucle, bone, and other tissues
|
|
|
NAME
is a family of growth promoting protiens produced by the liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and other tissues |
IGFs
|
|
|
Specfically, what are (2)things that IGFs do?
|
(1)stimulate uptake of amino acids from the blood and thier incorporation into cellular protiens through out the body (2)stimulate uptake of sulfur into cartilage matrix
|
|
|
NAME
this specifcally stimulates the uptake of amino acids from the blood and thier incorporation into cellular protiens through out of the body and stimulates the uptake of sulfar into cartilage matrix |
IGFs
|
|
|
In the liver, what is GH do?
|
it encourages glycogen breakdown and release of glucose into the blood
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone, when in the liver, encourages glyocogen breakdown and release of glucose into the blood |
GH
|
|
|
What is the diabetogenic effect of GH?
|
refers to the elevation in blood sugar levels that occurs as a result of glucose sparing
|
|
|
NAME
refers to the elevation in blood sugars levels that occurs as a result of glucose sparing |
diabetogenic effect of GH
|
|
|
The secretion of GH is regulated by two primary hypothalamic hormones w antagonisitis effects? (2)
|
(1)GHRH (2)GHIH
|
|
|
What does GHRH stand for?
|
growth hormone-releasing hormone
|
|
|
What does GHIH stand for?
|
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
|
|
|
What is GHRH?
|
stimulates the release of GH
|
|
|
NAME
this hormone stimulats the release of GH |
GHRH
|
|
|
What is GHIH?
|
inhibits the production of the GH and virtually all gastroinetnstinal and pancreatic secretions
|
|
|
NAME
inhibits the production of GH and virtually all gastrointenstinal and pancreatic secretions |
GHIH
|
|
|
GHIH is also called (1)
|
somatostatin
|
|
|
(1) is also called somatostatin
|
GHIH
|
|
|
When are the secretion of GH the highest?
|
during the night
|
|
|
What is kind of cycle does GH have?
|
a daily cycle in which the total amount secreted daily peaks during adolsence and declines w age
|
|
|
NAME
this hormones has a daily cycle w the highest secretion at night, but the total amount secreted daily peaks during adolsence and declines w age |
GH
|
