A&p Intro Idc

Front 1

Define Physiology

Back 1

science that deals with the functions of living organisms and their parts.
(greek) physis-nature, logos-study

Front 2

6 levels of organization of the body

Back 2

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organism.

Front 3

4 major tissue types

Back 3

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

Front 4

anatomical position

Back 4

reference position of the body. in an erect or standing posture with arms at the side palms facing out

Front 5

antebrachial

Back 5

forearm

Front 6

antecubital

Back 6

depressed area in front of elbow

Front 7

axillary

Back 7

armpit (axilla)

Front 8

brachial

Back 8

upper arm

Front 9

buccal

Back 9

cheek

Front 10

calcaneal

Back 10

heal

Front 11

carpal

Back 11

wrist

Front 12

cephalic

Back 12

head

Front 13

cervical

Back 13

neck

Front 14

coxal

Back 14

hip

Front 15

cranial

Back 15

skull

Front 16

crural

Back 16

leg

Front 17

cubital or olecranal

Back 17

back of elbow

Front 18

digital or phalangeal

Back 18

fingers or toes

Front 19

dorsal

Back 19

back or top

Front 20

facial

Back 20

face

Front 21

femoral

Back 21

thigh

Front 22

frontal

Back 22

forehead

Front 23

gluteal

Back 23

buttocks

Front 24

hallux

Back 24

great toe

Front 25

inguinal

Back 25

groin

Front 26

lumbar

Back 26

loin or lower back btw ribs and pelvis

Front 27

mammary

Back 27

breast

Front 28

manual

Back 28

hand

Front 29

mental

Back 29

chin

Front 30

nasal

Back 30

nose

Front 31

navel

Back 31

umbilicus

Front 32

occipital

Back 32

base of skull

Front 33

oral

Back 33

mouth

Front 34

orbital or opthamal

Back 34

eyes

Front 35

otic

Back 35

ear

Front 36

palmar or volar

Back 36

palm of hand

Front 37

patellar

Back 37

anterior / front of knee

Front 38

pedal

Back 38

foot

Front 39

perineal

Back 39

area btw anus and genitals

Front 40

plantar

Back 40

sole of foot

Front 41

pollex

Back 41

thumb

Front 42

popliteal

Back 42

area behind the knee

Front 43

pubic

Back 43

pubis

Front 44

crural

Back 44

lower leg / calf

Front 45

tarsal

Back 45

ankle

Front 46

temporal

Back 46

temple / side of skull

Front 47

thoracic

Back 47

chest

Front 48

9 abdominal regions

Back 48

(R) hypochodriac, epigastric, (L) hypochondriac, (R) Lumbar, umbilical, (L) lumbar, (R) Inguinal, hypogastric, (L) inguinal

Front 49

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

Back 49

(R) upper, (R) lower, (L) upper, (L) lower.

Front 50

toward the head
(i.e. the heart is _______ to the liver)

Back 50

superior

Front 51

towards the feet
(ie. The stomach is _______ to the lungs)

Back 51

inferior

Front 52

front also called ventral
(ie. the sternum is ______ to the heart)

Back 52

anterior

Front 53

back also called dorsal
(ie. the esophagus is ______ to the trachea)

Back 53

posterior

Front 54

toward the midline
(ie. the ulna is ______ to the radius)

Back 54

medial

Front 55

towards the side
(ie. the lungs are ______ to the heart)

Back 55

lateral

Front 56

nearest to the trunk or nearest the point of origin
(ie. the humerus is ______ to the radius)

Back 56

proximal

Front 57

away from or furthest from the trunk
(ie. the phalanges are ______ to the carpals)

Back 57

distal

Front 58

nearer the surface
(ie. the ribs are ______ to the lungs)

Back 58

superficial

Front 59

farther away from body surface
(ie. the ribs are ______ to the skin of the chest and back)

Back 59

deep

Front 60

Frontal plane

Back 60

also called coronal plane cuts the body into anterior and posterior parts

Front 61

Sigittal plane

Back 61

divides the body into right and left parts

Front 62

transverse plane

Back 62

divides the body into upper and lower parts

Front 63

homeostasis

Back 63

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions. Balance

Front 64

negative feedback system

Back 64

Reverses a change in a controlled condition. Tend to regulate conditions in the body that are held fairly stable over long periods, such as BP, blood glucose level, and body temperature

Front 65

positive feedback system

Back 65

strengthens a change in a controlled condition. Tend to reinforce conditions that don't happen very often, such as childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting.

Front 66

What is located in the Right hypochondriac region

Back 66

liver,gallblader

Front 67

What is located in the Epigastric region

Back 67

liver stomach

Front 68

What is located in the left hypochondriac region

Back 68

stomach,large intestine

Front 69

What is located in the right lumbar region

Back 69

large and small intestine

Front 70

What is located in the Umbillical region

Back 70

transverse colon,small intestine, gall bladder

Front 71

What is located in the left lumbar region

Back 71

small intestine,colon

Front 72

What is located in the right inguinal

Back 72

cecum,small intestine

Front 73

What is located in the hypogastric (pubic) region

Back 73

small intestine,bladder,appendix

Front 74

What is located in the left inguinal region

Back 74

colon,small intestine

Front 75

Which cavity is Formed by crainal bones and contains brain

Back 75

Crainal cavity

Front 76

Which cavity is Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginings of spinal nerves

Back 76

Vertebral canal

Front 77

Which cavity contains Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum

Back 77

Thoracic cavity

Front 78

Which cavity contains The serous membrane surrounding each lung

Back 78

Pleural cavity

Front 79

Which cavity contains The serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Back 79

Pericardial cavity

Front 80

Which cavity contains the Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm; contains the herat, thymus, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels

Back 80

mediastinum

Front 81

Which cavity is Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

Back 81

Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 82

Which cavity Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine

Back 82

Abdominal cavity

Front 83

Which cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

Back 83

pelvic cavity

Front 84

What usually have a recognizable shape,are composed of two or more different types of tissues, and have specific functions

Back 84

Organs

Front 85

What is the smallest unit of matter

Back 85

atoms

Front 86

What are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Back 86

Cells

Front 87

What are the three basic components that make up a feedback system

Back 87

receptor, control center, and effector

Front 88

What is an abnormality of structure and/or function

Back 88

Disorder

Front 89

What is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs

Back 89

Disease

Front 90

What are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (ie headache or nausea)

Back 90

symptoms

Front 91

What are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

Back 91

Signs

Front 92

Which plane passes through midline of the body or organ and divides into equal right and left side

Back 92

midsagittal plane

Front 93

If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides into unequal right and left is called

Back 93

parasagittal plane

Front 94

Which plane passes through at an angle between transverse and frontal

Back 94

oblique plane

Front 95

Which system regulates body temperature; protects the body; eliminates some waste; helps in production of vitamin D; etects touch, pressure, pain, warmth, and cold

Back 95

Integumentary system

Front 96

Which system supports and protects the body, provides a specific area for muscle attachment, assist with movements, stores cells that produce blood cells and stores minerals and lipids

Back 96

Skeletal system

Front 97

Which system participates in bringing about body movements such as walking

Back 97

muscular system

Front 98

Which system regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the enviornment, interpret the changes, and respond to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Back 98

Nervous system

Front 99

Which system regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

Back 99

Endocrine system

Front 100

Which system does blood carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids

Back 100

Cardiovascular system

Front 101

Which system returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood

Back 101

lymphatic system

Front 102

Which system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood
and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air

Back 102

respiratory system

Front 103

Which system controls the physical and chemical breakdown of food

Back 103

Digestive system

Front 104

Which system produces, stores and eliminates urine

Back 104

Uriniary system

Front 105

Which system produce gametes, and release hormones that regulate reproduction

Back 105

Reproductive sysytem

Front 106

How many major elements are in the body and what are they and this contitutes what %of the body's mass

Back 106

4 major elements
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
constitutes 96% of the body's mass

Front 107

How many elements make up the "lesser elements", what are they and this contributes what % of the body's mass

Back 107

8
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and iron
makes up 3.8%

Front 108

Trace elements makes up what % of the body's mass

Back 108

0.2%

Front 109

The forces that bind the atoms of molecules and compounds together, resisting their separation are

Back 109

Chemical Bonds

Front 110

What are the three general types of chemical bonds

Back 110

Ionic bonds
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds

Front 111

Which chemical bond has force of attraction between ions of opposite charges

Back 111

Ionic bond

Front 112

Which chemical bond share one, two, or three pairs of their outer shell electrons

Back 112

covalent bonds

Front 113

Which chemical bond establishes important links between molecules, such as water molecules

Back 113

Hydrogen bonds

Front 114

What occurs when new bonds form and / or old bond breaks between atoms

Back 114

chemical reaction

Front 115

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules
ex: A + B = AB

Back 115

synthesis reaction

Front 116

Combining simple molecules like amino acids to form large molecules such as proteins is an example of what

Back 116

anabolism

Front 117

Large molecules are split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms is what
ex: AB = A + B

Back 117

decomposition reaction

Front 118

The breakdown of large starch molecules into many small glucose molecules during digestion is an example of what

Back 118

catabolism

Front 119

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is called

Back 119

metabolism

Front 120

AB + CD = AD + BC
is an example of what type of reaction

Back 120

exchange reaction
consist of both synthesis reaction and decomposition reaction

Front 121

AB = A + B when water is added and then
A + B = AB when heat is applied
is an example of what type of reaction

Back 121

Reversible reaction
can go either direction under different conditions

Front 122

What is always a measurement of hydrogen ions in a solution

Back 122

PH
Which determines a solution's acidity or alkalinity

Front 123

What is the midpoint of the PH scale and how is it refered to

Back 123

7 is midpoint
refered to as neutral

Front 124

When pH increases past 7 it becomes refered to as what

Back 124

alkaline or basic

Front 125

When pH decreases from 7 it becomes refered to as what

Back 125

acidic

Front 126

Any substance that has a pH of 1-6 is what and 8-14 is what

Back 126

pH 1-6 = acidic
pH 8-14 = alkaline
pH 7 = neutral

Front 127

Why does the pH of fluids inside and outside of cells remain almost constant

Back 127

the presence of buffer sysytems

Front 128

What are chemical compounds that act quickly to temporarily bind H+, removing the highly reactive, excess H+ from solution but not from the body.

Back 128

Buffers

Front 129

What is an example of a buffer system

Back 129

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.
H+ + HCO3- = H2CO3 removed excess H+
H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3- functions as a weak acid with a shortage of H+

Front 130

What are the 3 main parts of a cell

Back 130

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Front 131

What forms a cells flexible outer surface, separating the cell's internal environment from its external environment

Back 131

Plasma membrane

Front 132

What consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Back 132

Cytoplasm

Front 133

What is the largest organelle of a cell

Back 133

nucleus

Front 134

What is the liquid portion of cytoplasm that consists mostly of water plus dissolved solutes and suspended particles

Back 134

Cytosol

Front 135

what acts as the control center for a cell

Back 135

Nucleus

Front 136

What is the basic framework of the plasma membrane

Back 136

lipid bilayer

Front 137

What are the 3 types of lipid molecules that make up the lipid bilayer

Back 137

phospholipids (contain phosphorus)
cholesterol
glycolipids (attach to carbohydrates)

Front 138

What is the reason the plasma membrane allows some substances to move into and out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances

Back 138

Selective permeability

Front 139

What enable a cell to recognize other cells of its own kind during tissue formation, or to recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells

Back 139

cell identity markers
ex: Membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids

Front 140

What is a difference
in concentration between two different areas

Back 140

Concentration Gradient

Front 141

What recognizes and binds a specific molecule that governs some cellular function.
ex: hormone insulin

Back 141

Receptors

Front 142

What do integral proteins form through which specific ions, such as potassium ions
(K), can move into and out of cells

Back 142

ion channels

Front 143

What changes shape as they move a substance from one side of the membrane to the other

Back 143

carriers (transporters)

Front 144

What moves in one direction to open the pore and in another direction to close it

Back 144

gated channels
Gated channels are important for the production of electrical signals by body cells.

Front 145

Some substances that cannot
move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion do cross
the plasma membrane by a passive process called

Back 145

facilitated diffusion

Front 146

substances diffuse across a membrane through the lipid bilayer

Back 146

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Front 147

is useful to treat patients who have cerebral edema, excess interstitial fluid in the brain.

Back 147

hypertonic solutions
It has a higher concentration of solutes than does the cytosol inside red blood cells

Front 148

given either orally or through an IV, can be used to treat people who are dehydrated.

Back 148

hypotonic solution
a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (higher concentration of water) than the cytosol inside the red blood cells

Front 149

(membrane around the nucleus separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm) and appears “rough” because its outer surface is studded with ribosomes

Back 149

nuclear envelope

Front 150

What controls the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Many openings that pierce the nuclear envelope.

Back 150

nuclear pores

Front 151

clusters of protein, DNA, and RNA are the sites of assembly
of ribosomes, which exit the nucleus through nuclear pores
and participate in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Back 151

nucleoli or nucleolus

Front 152

What control cellular structure and direct most cellular activities

Back 152

Genes

Front 153

In a cell that is not dividing, the 46 chromosomes appear as a diffuse, granular mass, which is called

Back 153

chromatin

Front 154

The total genetic information
carried in a cell or organism is called

Back 154

genome

Front 155

a sperm cell has a long whiplike tail called _______ that it uses for locomotion.

Back 155

(flagellum)

Front 156

What maintain their normal shape in a isotonic solution; in a hypotonic solution, they gain water and undergo hemolysis; in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and undergo crenation.

Back 156

Red blood cells

Front 157

What is refered to how cells differ in size and shape.

Back 157

CELLULAR DIVERSITY