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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are two examples of cold blooded
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fish n amphibians
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what are 3 examples of warm blooded
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reptiles, birds, mammals
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what reptile is the only one to have a 4 chamber heart
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crocodile
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reptile charateristics
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3 chamber heart
exception crocodile = 4 chambers 2 atrium, 1 ventricle |
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what two have a 3 chamber hearts and have incomplete double circulation
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amphibians and reptiles
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what are the 5 examples of evolution of the hearts
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1.fish
2.amphibian 3.reptiles 4.birds 5.mammals |
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right side of the heart is ___ blood only and has ___ pressure
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oxygen poor blood only. lower
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left side if the heart is the ___ blood only and has __ pressure
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oxygen rich blood , higher
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what is the pericardial sac, what is it made of and how many layers
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covering of the heart, dense c.t, 3 layers
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list the 3 layers of the pericardial sac
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1.fibrous pericardium -outer
2.pariatel " " -middle 3. visceral " " -inner |
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amphibians
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2 atrium
1 ventricle incomplete double circulation |
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what are two examples of a 3 chamber heart
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amphibians &reptiles
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birds charateristics
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-4 chamber heart
-2 atrium, 2 ventricle complete double circulation |
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in a 4 chamber heart the ride side of the heart carries ___ and the pressure is ___
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oxygen poor blood only
lower |
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in a 4 chamber heart the left side carries ___, and the pressure is ___
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oxygen rich blood
higher |
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what is the most effective type of heart and why
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4 chamber heart has complete double circulation - so u never mix oxygen poor blood with oxygen rich blood
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mammal charateristics
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4 chamber heart
complete double circulation |
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incomplete double circulation
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occurs in 3 chamber hearts, oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood never mix
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complete double circulation
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you never mix not even in the ventricle oxygen rich blood with oxygen poor blood
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what does the septum do
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divides the heart into right and left portions between the ventricles
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when you are born and you have a hole in your heart you have a hole in your
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septum
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visceral pericardium
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innermost layer that makes up the heart shiny, is the thinnest and is dense C.T
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pariatel pericardium
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middle layer of the heart, dense C.T
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fibrous pericardium
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is the thickest outermost layer of the heart is dense C.T
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pericardial
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space between the paritial paricardium and the visceral pericardium and it contains pericardium fluid and it prevents irrataion (pericarditis)
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the pericardial sac
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where is pericardial cavity
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space between the pariatel pericardium and the visceral pericardium
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner most lining of the heart , symptoms can feel like a heart attack
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epicardium
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outermost layer of the heart wall directly beneath the visceral pericardium is for protection and produces the pericardium fluid and fills the cavity and consist of E.T and a thin layer of C.T
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Myocardium
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the middle layer is muscle and cardiac muscle only found in the heart
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endocardium
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E.T with C.T under it is the inner most layer if the heart
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valvular stenosis
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chronic inflammtion of this can cause the valves to change shape of heart valve could be due to endocarditis or high blood pressure! can cause heart murmur
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prolapsed valve
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when the valve starts to turn inward and the valve can close and blood flows backward
and thats what gives you ur murmur |
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bicupsid valve
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mitral valve also called is between the LA-LV is the high pressure side of the heart rich blood(has two cusps)
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layers of the heart from outside to inside:
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epicardium
miocardium endocardium |
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tricupsid valve
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regulates the passage of blood into the RA-RV oxygen poor side low pressure side of the heart( has three cusps)
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atrioventricular orfice
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holes betwen RA-RV n LA-LV
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skeleton of the heart
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extra dense c.t found in extra parts of the heart in the septum or where a vessle joins the heart there is more dense c.t
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what causes valves to open and close
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pressure changes in the heart
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papillary muscle
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involuntary type of muscle and contracts and relaxes due to pressure attaches to valves and they have cordinae tendinae
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the Right Ventricle of the heart has big vessels that come off and are called ____, and where do they go
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pulmonary arteries/truck, leave heart and split into two and goes the the R&L lungs
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pulmonary semi-lunar valve
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between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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what is the purpose of the pulmonary semi-lunar valve
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regulates the blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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list 3 characteristic of the aorta
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1.comes of the top of the Left ventricle
2.largest artery in the body 3.takes blood everywhere and under alot more pressure than the pulmonary A. |
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what is the aortic semilunar valve
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it regulates the blood flow between the left ventricle and the heart
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what is the purpose of a valve
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regulate circulation of the blood
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what is the purpose of the chambers
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purpose is to pump blood
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cordenea tendenae
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tendons that attach the papillaty muscle to the cusps of the muscle, pull on the valve and help open and close valve
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superior vena cava
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drains the head n neck and brings the blood back to the heart
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coranary sinus
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drains the walls of the heart itself
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the walls of the ventricle are much ____ than the walls of the arteries
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thicker
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the only thing that can pump blood is ___ then it enters through ___
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chambers, vessels
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the only thing that can pump blood is ___ then it enters through ___
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pulmonary arteries
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two pulmonary circulatotion
pathways |
heart to lungs
lungs to heart |
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list of how blood flows:
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superior vena cava
inferior vena cava coronary sinus tricupsid valve right ventricle semilunar valve pulmonary artery-blue lungs- now oxygen rich blood pulmonary veins left atrium bicupsid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta then rest of the body |
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systemic circulation
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heart to body
body to heart |
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the heart has to feed itself if not you will have a
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heart attack
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coronary arteries are ___ on the model and pulmonary arteries are ____
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red, blue
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when coronary arteries block the tissue below turns and thats when you have a (dead or dying heart tissue)
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heart attack
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when you go from the rv to lv you go through the
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bicupsid
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all the coronary veins take back the blood to the ___ where this drains the heart itself
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coronary sinus
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anastomoses
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extra branches off coronary arteries and if you are very athletic the coronary arteries will form extra branches and supply the heart with more oxygen/blood
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Ischemia
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tissue is not getting enough oxygen
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coranary thrombosis
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blood clot that is forming in the heart has the same effect as plaque can cause heart attack
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Angina pectoris
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occurs during exercise when the coronary artery becomes clogged treats with nitro glisorin and dilates vessels
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myocardial infarction
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medical term for of heart attack, is caused by dead or dying myocardium, how much tissue is gone or dead is how severe the heart attack you have had
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congestive heart failure
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is when the heart wears out and you are drowning on your own blood because you have fluid in your lungs and if you will not taken care of you will die (backs up between heart n lungs)
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bipass surgery
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triple
douple - coronary arteries are blocked so the surgery unblockes these |
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functional syncytium
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found only in the heart, a mass of merging cells that act as a unit
EX: the chambers contract as unit |
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cardiac cycle
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you have the proper contartion in the heart in the proper time n order with the arterieries and vertricles
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systole/diastole info is:
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140/90 is blood pressure is called the silent killer and your body adjust to the high pressure over time and it affects your valves arteries and heart 130/80- wants to lower
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140/90 is blood pressure is called the silent killer and your body adjust to the high pressure over time and it affects your valves arteries and heart 130/80- wants to lower
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pumping pressure of the heart
resting pressure of the heart |
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valvular stenosis
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when valves change shape can result in a heart murmur
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murmur
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leaky valve
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prolapsed valve
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valve turning in on itself can cause a murmur
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what is the typical range of blood pressure
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110-120/60-80
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if a chamber is contracting it is called
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atrium systiole
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if a chamber is resting it is
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atrium diastole
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self exciting tissue
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resembles nervous tissue but is not and sets up its own pattern is in the RA and recieves info from brain and conrtols rythym of the heart
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sinotrial node
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natural pacemaker of the heart keeps, if this one fails then thats when you get a pacemaker , gets info from the brainsend electric signal out to RA n LA out and casuses the atriums to contract together, blood down into ventricles
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atroventicular node
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in the RA, has to functions
-relays impulse to ventricles from S node - slightly delays impulse fractions of sec to make sure all the blood is out of the ventricles befpre contraction - AV node |
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bundle of his
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comes of of RA and AV node and carries impules to septum of heart and in the hseptum it sevides in to to parts called R&L Bundle Fibers once these reach the apex and run into the walls of the ventricles
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R&L bundle fibers
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is exciting tissue thats in the septum these reach the apex and run into the walls of the ventricles and are called purkinque fibers
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purkique fibers
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is once the R&L bundle fibers have reaches the verticles from the septum and cause the verticles to contract from the bottom to top
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if the SA node becomes damaged the Av node can take over and run the heart they recieve info from the brainif the SA node becomes damaged the __ node can take over and run the heart they recieve info from the brain
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AV
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medulla oblongata
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is the cardiovascular center that send signals to the SA node and the AV node
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purpose of the heart
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pump blood to get oxygen to the cells
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natural pacemaker of the heart
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SA node
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autonomic nervous system
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controls all your involuntary nervous systems
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parasympathetic
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normal ANS state when you are just ok
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vagus nerve
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originates in the medulla comes off the parasympathetic
sends to the SA n AV node n in response the heart rate changes |
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accelerate nerve
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sympathetic nerve sends signal to SA n AV nerve and in respons to that the heart rate changes ect.
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cerebrum
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emotions, conscious thoughts
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hypothalumus
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sex, agression, thirst, anger
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pressoreceptors
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located in the carotids n aorta atreries and monitor blood pressure so this effects the BP
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what is in the medulla oblongata or cardiovascular center?: (things that go with it)
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cerebrum
pressorrecetors hypothalumus AV node SA node |
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vagus nerve info:
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effects the stomach and alot of other nerves originate sin the medulla
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what effects heart rate go in details
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body temp effects heart rate
fever- heart rate goes up freezing- goes down electrolyte balance to much can effect K n CA |
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what effect heart rate
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body temp
electrolyte balance |
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arrhythmias
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a variation in normal heart rate sometimes they occur normally and sometimes due to disease or injury
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tachycardia
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an abnormially fast heart rate is when you have over 100 beats per minute
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bradycardia
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a slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
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premature heart beat
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beat occurs before it is expected to occur
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types of arrythmias:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
1.tachycardia >100 per min
2.bradycardia <60 per min 3.premature heart beat- occur before expexted to occur 4.flutter-250-350 per min are complete beat per min due to emotions 5.fibrillation- rapid uncordinated heart beat |
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flutter
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250-350 per min are complete beat per min due to emotions
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fibrillation
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rapid uncordinated heart beat
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cardioversion
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the only way to stop fibrillation is defibrillation , is where you reset the heart if sucessful
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acetocholine
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common nueron tranmitters in the heart
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blood vessels types:
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arteries/arterioles
capilleries venules/veins |
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all except ___ have layers to walls call tunic
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capillaries
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tunica intima
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is E.T and C.T secretes substance and prevents the platelets from sticking so you dont get clotting, helps regulate BP
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vasoconstriction
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vessels lumin gets smaller BP goes UP
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vasodilution
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BP goes down blodd vessels get bigger
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layers of blood vessels:
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tunica intima
tunica media tunica adventitia goes inner to outer |
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only vessels that we can exchange waste and oxygen is what and by what
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capillaries, simple diffusion
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arteries/arterioles
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have all the layers and very developed tunic media(smooth muscle)
- has elastic tissue -is under the highest pressure compared to all the vessels -primarily responds to BP -carries blood away from heart -oxyigenated blood except pulmonary arteries(are two) |
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what do arteries do
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carry blood away from heart is oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries(are two)
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disorders in arteries/arteioles
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1.aneurism
2.atherosclerosis |
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aneurism
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weaken anterior wall and over time the wall gets bigger and bigger and you can bleed to death and die things pr-expose you to this high BP ect.
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atherosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries, gets plaque biuld up(LDL)
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what does not carry oxygenated blood that is an artery?
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pulmonary a
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characteristics of capillaries
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-exchange gases, nutrients, waste here (o2, co2)
-areas with lots of capilaries is called capillaries beds -simple squamous e.t -selectively permeable membrane -one cell thickness -little or no pressure |
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capillary beds
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congested areas with lots of capillaries
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selectively permeable membrane
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to some extend gets to decide somewhat what goes in and out mostly in brain capillaries, called blood brain barrier
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blood brain barrier
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most selective permeable capillary bed in the brain decides what goes in and out is can be somewhat bad because if you get sick your brain will not let in medicine in your brain if your sick
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arteries get pressure from
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heart
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capilaries get pressure
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from fliud
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there is three ways you move things along capillaries walls
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1.simple dissufion
2.hydrostatic pressure 3.osmotic pressure are all passive transport- require no energy |
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passive transport
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requires no energy
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osmotic pressure
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movement of water from greater to lesser concentration by changing the number of ions
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what are three types of passive transport
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1.simple dissufion
2.filtration 3.osmotic pressure |
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veins/venules
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-have the three tunics but are not as developed
- has very little muscle - always carry blood to the heart -carry deoxygented blood - under low pressure - is fluid(hydrostatic) |
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veins always carry blood were
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to the heart
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what carry deoxygenated blood?
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pulmonary, veins goes to the lungs to the heart
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where is the deoxygenated blood going and entering
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RA goes to the lungs to the heart
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veins pressure is
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hydrostatic pressure (fluid)
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how do we move blood in veins/venules
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1.hydrostic pressure
2.skeletal muscle- number 1 way 3.breathing 4.valves- prevent backflow of blood |
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valves
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prevent backflow of blood
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phlebitis
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inflammation of a vein, caused by injury or accident, caused by disease or surgery
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blood clots form in
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form in veins/venules
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thrombophlebitis
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blood clot in vein and inflammation
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vericose veins
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superficial veins close to the surface and the valves start to wear out
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what are the two vein disorders
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phlebitis
varicose veins |
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normal heart beat
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60-80 bpm
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factors influencing arterial BP:
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heart action
blood volume peripheral resistance blood viscocity |
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what are all the vessel disorders
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artherosclerosis
aneurysm phlebitis varicose veins |
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blood viscosity
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is the thickness of the blood
- our body can change this, is determined by the amount of plasma in the blood |
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how do you find cardiac output?
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is the amount of blood that exits into the RV per min SV x HR = BPM
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peripheral resistance
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resistance to blood flow due to friction between the blood and anterior walls
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coronary system send blood
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coronary arteries to veins to coronary sinus
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where do capillaries exchange waste
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alveoli-->capillaries
cells---> capillaries |
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heart action breaks into
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stroke volume
cardiac output |
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stroke volume
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the volume of blood the discharged from a ventricle with each contraction
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describe the heart of a bird
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two atria, two ventrricles, right and left heart seperated, complete double circulation
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what is the name of the outermost layer of the pericardium
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fibrous pericardioum
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what is the middle layer of the heart wall called
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myocardium
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what is the atroventricular orfice
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an opening between a atrium n ventricle
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what vessle drains the blood from the heart walls into the right atrium
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coranary sinus
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where are the chordae tendinae located
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between the papillary muscles and the cusps of the heart valves
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ischemia means
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blood oxygen defiency
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a heart attack is also known as
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myocardial infartion
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during artial systole the atria are
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contracting
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ventricular relaxion is also known as
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venticular diastole
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inflammation of the endocarium is called
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endocarditis
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what is the functional syncytium
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a mass of merging cells that act as a unit
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what nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system carry impulses cont. to the S-A and A-V nodes
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vegus nerves
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where do vegus nerves originate
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medulla oblongata
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what two important ions that influence heart action
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calcium Ca, potassium K
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a slow heart rate is called
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bradycardia <60 bpm
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fibrillation
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rapid uncontrolled heart contractions
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what is the name given to the innermost layer of the arterial wall
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tunica intima
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decreasing the diamater of a blood vessel is called
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vasoconstriction
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what are the smallest vessels
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capillaries
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what are the ways that substance move through capillary walls
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diffusion, osmotic pressure, filtration
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what type of blood vessels contain valves
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vein/venules
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an inflammation of a vein is called
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phlebitis
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the friction between the blood and vessel walls is known as
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peripheral resistance
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blood pressure rises as blood viscosity
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increases
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what are two major circulatory pathways
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pulmonary, systemic
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what is the only artery to carry deoxygenerated blood?
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pulmonary artery
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where is the mitral valve located
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between the right n left atrium
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a drop of blood is in the right ventricle. where does it go nxt?
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through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries
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a drop of blood is in a pulmonary vein where will it go nxt?
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in to the left atria
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a drop of blood is in the inferior vena cava where is it going next
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to the right atrium
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pulmonary circulation
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RA
RV lungs |
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systemic circulation
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Systemic:
LA LV BODY |
