A&p Ii - Lecture - Week Of 1/17

Front 1

Hepatocytes –

Back 1

Liver cell.

Front 2

Glycogen –

Back 2

stored in liver and skeletal muscles for quick energy (ideal for fight or flight)

Front 3

Cortisol –

Back 3

A hormone that simulates glycogenolysis when you’re stressed.

Front 4

Carb loading –

Back 4

eating a lot of carbs and trusting that your liver will convert them into glycogen

Front 5

Hepatic portal system –

Back 5

ensures that all substances absorbed by digestive organs first pass through the liver for
- Detoxification (poisons, toxins, or medications)
- Bacterial defense (kuppfer WBC [always in the liver])
- Nutrient modification

Front 6

Liver Nutrient modification: Glycogenesis

Back 6

“Sugar-beginning”. Enzymes of hepatocytes convert individual glucose molecules into glycogen.

Front 7

Liver Nutrient modification: Glycogenolysis

Back 7

“sugar breaking”. Enzymes break glycogen into individual glucose molecules.

Front 8

Liver Nutrient modification: Glyconeogenesis

Back 8

“glucose new forming”. Hepatic enzymes use fatty acids and amino acids to build glucose. Used when glycogen stores are depleted such as starvation or diabetes mellitus)

Front 9

Main functions of hepatocytes:

Back 9

-Produce bile
-Store glucose as glycogen
-Make plasma proteins (albumin, Clotting factors)
-Store fat-soluble vitamins
-Converts NH3 → urea, (from nitrogens on broken down amino acids or nucleaic acids. Large supply from recycles hemoglobin. Build up ammonia can lead to delirium.)

Front 10

Liver synthesizes about ____% of the cholesterol in our body

Back 10

80

Front 11

Liver and lipids:

Back 11

Synthesizes cholesterol, synthesizes lipoproteins, partially oxidizes fat to produce ketone

Front 12

Cholesterol uses include

Back 12

1) Cell membrane flexibility/communication.
2) Liver makes cholesterol, which is used for vitamin D.
3) Building block for steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone (DHEA), cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone)

Front 13

Types of lipoproteins:

Back 13

HDL and LDL

Front 14

High density lipoprotein

Back 14

More protein than cholesterol (going from organ to liver). Cleans up blood vessel walls by reducing the risk of heart disease. “Healthy”

Front 15

Low Density Lipoprotein

Back 15

More cholesterol (liver -> orgran need). Associated with increased risk of heart disease. “Lousy”

Front 16

Synthesis of ketone

Back 16

ketongenesis (Partial oxidation of fats)

Front 17

ketones cause blood pH to ______

Back 17

decrease

Front 18

ketoacidosis

Back 18

Low blood pH due to too much ketone in the blood

Front 19

Bilirubin

Back 19

Soluble yellowish pigment left over from hemoglobin breakdown when RBCs are recycled

Front 20

Bile contains

Back 20

Bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin

Front 21

Liver: Storage

Back 21

1) Glycogen
2) Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
3) Toxins can be stored in fat
4) Some B vitamins (energy, stress)
5) Iron

Front 22

Vitamin A - Function:

Back 22

New cell growth for healthy skin, hair, vision in dim light

Front 23

Vitamin A – Sources:

Back 23

Leafy greens, yellow/orange veggies, liver, dairy products, eggs

Front 24

Vitamin D – Function:

Back 24

Absorption of calcium (healthy bones/teeth), immune system

Front 25

Vitamin D – Sources:

Back 25

Dairy products, eggs, salmon, sunlight

Front 26

Vitamin E – Function:

Back 26

Healing of tissues

Front 27

Vitamin E – Sources:

Back 27

Plant oils, wheat germ, leafy greens

Front 28

Vitamin K –Function:

Back 28

Blood clotting, protein synthesis

Front 29

Vitamin K – Sources:

Back 29

Plentiful in many foods

Front 30

Vitamin C – Function:

Back 30

Formation of collagen, healing, immune health, iron absorption

Front 31

Vitamin C – Sources:

Back 31

Fresh fruits and veggies

Front 32

Vitamin B – Function:

Back 32

Important for energizing and handling stress

Front 33

Vitamin B – Sources:

Back 33

bananas, potatoes, other whole grains, green vegetables, eggs, dairy products, and meats

Front 34

Antioxidants –

Back 34

Protect from cell damage. Found primarily in vitamin A,C, and E.

Front 35

Stercobilin –.

Back 35

The broken down bilirubin. Turns our feces brown

Front 36

Cholecystokini –

Back 36

Hormone produced by epithelial cells that cause the gall bladder to secrete bile.

Front 37

4 lobes of the liver –

Back 37

Right, left, caudate, quadrate lobes

Front 38

Falciform ligament –

Back 38

Separates right and left lobes. Merges into round ligament. Left over from fetal life.

Front 39

Hepatic artery –

Back 39

oxygenated blood from aorta

Front 40

Hepatic portal vein –

Back 40

deoxygenated blood from intestine and stomach

Front 41

Common hepatic duct –

Back 41

bile heading to the duodenum or gall bladder

Front 42

Each hepatocyte is served by…

Back 42

an arteriole, branch of the hepatic artery, and a bile duct.

Front 43

Pineal Gland –

Back 43

Makes melatonin. Releases ADH and oxytocin

Front 44

Hypothalamus –

Back 44

Regulates Pineal Gland. Makes ADH and oxytosin. Mastery gland. In the diencephalon.

Front 45

Infundibulum –

Back 45

Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

Front 46

Anterior pituitary gland –

Back 46

Connects to the hypothalamus through hypothalamo-hyphoseal portal system. Regulated by two classes of hormones: inhibiting and releasing

Front 47

Posterior pituitary gland –

Back 47

Also “neurohypophysis”. Controlled by the Hypotalamo-hyphoseal tract

Front 48

Pituitary Gland –

Back 48

Fits into the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone,

Front 49

Example: Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates...

Back 49

thyrotropic cells in the anterior pituitary to increase secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.

Front 50

Thyroid Gland –

Back 50

Produces thyroxin and T2, T3… Ups metabolism

Front 51

Thymus –

Back 51

Makes thymosin. Helps young immune systems recognize pathogens, then atrophies in adulthood

Front 52

Adrenal “stress” glands –

Back 52

Releases catecholamine and adrenaline (epinephrine), noperephrine. Enables fight or flight

Front 53

Pancreas –

Back 53

Releases acetone, cortisol, insulin (lowers blood sugar)

Front 54

Ovaries –

Back 54

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 55

Testes –

Back 55

Testoserone

Front 56

Parathyroid glands –

Back 56

Releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium.