A&p Ii: Final

Front 1

The normal pH range of systemic arterial blood is between _____

Back 1

7.35 - 7.45

Front 2

Acidosis is a condition in which blood pH is _______

Back 2

Below 7.35

Front 3

Alkalosis is a condition in which blood pH is _______

Back 3

Higher than 7.45

Front 4

The physiological response to an acid-base imbalance that acts to normalize arterial blood pH

Back 4

Compensation

Front 5

If pH is brought within the normal range, compensation is thought to be _______

Back 5

Complete

Front 6

If compensation occurs but the blood pH is still lower than 7.35 or higher than 7.45 then it is considered ______

Back 6

Partial

Front 7

Hyperventilation or hypoventilation can help bring bloo pH back toward the normal range; this form of compensation is called ______. This occurs within minutes and is faster than its other counterpart.

Back 7

Respiratory Compensation

Front 8

If a person has altered blood pH due to respiratory causes, then _______________ can help reverse the change.

Back 8

Renal Compensation

Front 9

DEFINITION:
Increased PCO2 and decreased pH.

COMPENSATORY MECHANISM:
Renal, pH will be normal but PCO2 will be high.

Back 9

Respiratory Acidosis

Front 10

DEFINITION:
Decreased PCO2 and increased pH.

COMPENSATORY MECHANISM:
Renal. pH will be normal but PCO2 will be low.

Back 10

Respiratory Alkalosis

Front 11

DEFINITION:
Decreased HCO3 and decreased pH.

COMPENSATORY MECHANISM:
Respiratory (Hyperventilation) HCO3 will be low

Back 11

Metabolic Acidosis

Front 12

DEFINITION:
Increased HCO3 and increased pH.

COMPENSATORY MECHANISM:
Respiratory (Hypoventilation) HCO3 will be high

Back 12

Metabolic Alkalosis

Front 13

The ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses.

Back 13

Immunity (Resistance)

Front 14

Vulnerability or lack of resistance to diseases or microbes.

Back 14

Susceptibility

Front 15

Two general types of immunity:

Back 15

1. Innate
2. Adaptive

Front 16

Refers to defenses that are present at birth.

Back 16

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

Front 17

Refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses.

Back 17

Adaptive (specific) immunity

Front 18

The lymphatic system consists of:
(4 things)

Back 18

1. A fluid called lymph
2. Vessels called lymphatic vessels that transport the lymph
3. A number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue
4. Red bone marrow

Front 19

The lymphatic system has three primary functions:

Back 19

1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
2. Transports dietary lipids
3. Carries out immune responses

Front 20

Tissues that lack lymphatic capillaries include:
(4 things)

Back 20

1. Avascular tissue (such as cartilage, the epidermis, and the cornea)
2. The central nervos system
3. Portions of the spleen
4. Red bone marrow

Front 21

Slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries and have a unique one-way structure tht permits interstitial fluid to flow into them but not out.

Back 21

Lymphatic Capillaries

Front 22

Sequenc of fluid flow for lymph:

Back 22

1. Blood capillaries (blood)
2. Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)
3. Lymphatic capillaries (lymph)
4. Lymphatic vessels (lymph)
5. Lymphatic ducts (lymph)
6. Junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins (blood)

Front 23

Lymph passes from lymph trunks into two main channels:

Back 23

1. Thoracic duct
2. Right lymphatic duct

Front 24

Two "pumps" that maintain the flow of lymph:

Back 24

1. Skeletal muscle pump
2. Respiratory pump

Front 25

Lymphatic organs and tissues are classified into two groups based on their functions.

Back 25

1. Primary lymphatic organs
2. Secondary lymphatic organs

Front 26

The sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (capable of mounting an immue response)

Back 26

Primary lymphatic organs

Front 27

The sites where most immune responses occur. They include lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphaic nodules (follicles)

Back 27

Secondary lymphatic organs

Front 28

This organ does not filter lymph

Back 28

Thymus

Front 29

Only __% of developing T cells survive in the cortex. The remaining cells die via _____ (programmed cell death)

Back 29

2%

Apoptis

Front 30

Thymic _________ help clear out the debris of dead and dying cells. The surviving T cells enter the ________.

Back 30

Macrophages

Medulla

Front 31

These function as a type of filter for lymph. Most infections are caught here.

Back 31

Lymph Nodes

Front 32

List the functions of the three lines of immunity:

Back 32

1. Keep them out
2. General tactics against all invaders
3. Rampant discrimination

Front 33

The _____ and ____________ of the body are th irst line of defense against pathogens. These structures provide both physical and chemical barriers that discourage pathogens and foreign substances from penetrating the body and causing disease.

Back 33

Skin and mucous membranes

Front 34

List the 4 things that play a part in the second line of the defense.

Back 34

1. Phagocytes
2. Natural killer cells
3. Inflammation
4. Fever

Front 35

There are four main types of antimicrobial substances that discourage microbial growth:

Back 35

1. Interferons
2. Complement system
3. Iron-binding proteins
4. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

Front 36

About 5-10% of lymphocytes in the blood are _______. They have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells and ceratin tumor cells.

Back 36

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Front 37

Two major types of phagocytes are:

Back 37

1. Neutrophils
2. Macrophages

Front 38

When an infection occurs, neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the infected area. During this migration, the monocytes enlarge and develop into actively phagocytotic macrophages called _________. Other macrophages, called _________, stand guard in specific tissues.

Back 38

Wandering macrophages

Fixed macrophages

Front 39

60-75% of all phagocytes are _________.

Back 39

Neutrophils

Front 40

The five characteristic signs and symptoms of inflammation are:

Back 40

1. Redness
2. Pain
3. Heat
4. Swelling
5. Loss of function

Front 41

In each case, the inflammatory response has three basic stages:

Back 41

1. Vasodlation and increased permeability of blood vessels
2. Emigration (movement) of phagocytes from blood into ISF
3. Tissue repair

Front 42

Two immediate changes occur in the blood vessels in a region of tissue injury:

Back 42

1. Vasodilation
2. Increased permeability

Front 43

Dilation of arteroles and increased permeability of capillaries produce three of the signs and symptoms of inflammation:

Back 43

1. Heat
2. Redness
3. Swelling

Front 44

A pocket of dead phagocytes ad damaged tissue forms; this collection of dead cells and fluid is called _____.

Back 44

Pus

Front 45

Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes called ____. Both develop in primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and thymus)

Back 45

B cells and T cells

Front 46

In this type of immunity, cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens.

Back 46

Cell-mediated Immunity

Front 47

With this type of immunity, B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies or immunoglobins.

Back 47

Humoral Immunity (Antibody-mediated immunity)

Front 48

_______ immunity is particularly effective against 1) intracellular pathogens, which include any viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are inside cells; 2) some cancer cells; and 3) foreign tissue transplants

Back 48

Cell-mediated Immunity

Front 49

Must have __ cells for STRONG __ cell response, not vice versatile.

Back 49

T cells

B cells

Front 50

1) Must have for cell-mediated immunity
2) Not needed for humoral immunity, but it improves response

Back 50

T4 Helper cells

Front 51

The term _____ derives from it's function as an antibody generator.

Back 51

Antigen

Front 52

Certain small parts of a large antigen molecule act as the triggers for immune responses. The small parts are called _______. most antigens have many of these, each of which induces production of a specific antibody or activates a specific T cell.

Back 52

Epitopes

Front 53

A smaller substance that has reactivity but lacks immunogenicity. Can stimulate an immune response only if it is attached to a larger carrier molecule.

Back 53

Hapten

Front 54

Located in the plasma membrane of body cells are "self-antigens". Present in each of the body cells except red blood cells.

Back 54

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Front 55

List the two types of major histocompatibility complex antigens:

Back 55

MHC 1: built into the plasma membranes of all body cells except red blood cells.
MHC 2: molecules appear on the surface of antigen- presenting cells

Front 56

Plasma cells secrete _______. A few days after exposure to an antigen, a plasma cell secretes hundreds of millions of these each day for about 4 - 5 days, until the plasma cell dies.

Back 56

Antibodies

Front 57

Name the 5 classes of Antibodies (immunoglobins)

Back 57

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

Front 58

Most abundant, about 80% of all antibodies in the blood. It is the only class of antibody to cross the placenta from mother to fetus.

Back 58

IgG

Front 59

The supporting structure for the testes, consists of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root of penis.

Back 59

Scrotum

Front 60

Divides the scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single testis.

Back 60

Scrotal septum

Front 61

The testes are __ in. long and __ in. diameter. They begin their descent into the scrotum during the __ month of fetal development.

Back 61

2 inches long

1 inch diameter

7th month fetal development

Front 62

There are ___ to ___ lobules in each testis. Each of the lobules contain __ to __ tubules called seminiferous tubules.

Back 62

200-300 lobules

1-3 seminiferous tubules

Front 63

The process by which seminiferous tubules make sperm is called ________. It lasts for ____.

Back 63

Spermatogenesis

2.5 months

Front 64

- Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm
- Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds
- Control movements of spermatogenic cells
- Release sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
- Produce fluid for sperm transport

Back 64

Sertoli cells

Front 65

These cells secrete testosterone, the most prevalent androgen.

Back 65

Leydig (interstitial) cells

Front 66

Once ejaculated, most sperm do not last more than __ hours within the female reproductive tract.

Back 66

48

Front 67

The ductus epididymis would measure about ___ in length if it were uncoiled.

Back 67

20 feet in length

Front 68

Sperm storage and maturation occurs in the _______. Maturation takes __ days to accomplish.

Back 68

Epididymis

14 days

Front 69

Ductus (vas) deferens is approximately ___ in. long.

Back 69

18 inches long

Front 70

Ejaculatory ducts are about __ in long and are formed by the union of the _____ and the _____.

Back 70

1 inch long

Seminal vesicle and ampulla

Front 71

In males, the _______ is the shortest urethra and the _______ is the longest urethra.

Back 71

Membranous 0.5in (shortest)

Spongy 6-8in (longest)

Front 72

Fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles normally constitutes about _____ of the volume of semen.

Back 72

60%

Front 73

Prostatic secretions make up about ___ of the volume of semem and contribute to sperm motility and viability.

Back 73

25%

Front 74

During sexual arousal, the ____ secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra that protects the passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urin in the urethra they also secrete mucus that lubricates the end of the penis an the lining of the urethra, decreasing the number ofsperm dmaged during ejaculation.

Back 74

Bulbourethral glands

Front 75

The volume of semen in a typcal ejaculation is _____

Back 75

2.5-5 mL

Front 76

When the number of sperm falls below ____, the male is likely tobe infertile.

Back 76

20 million/mL

Front 77

Composed of numerous blood sinuses (vascular spaces) lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue.

Back 77

Erectile tissue

Front 78

Refers to a persistent and usually painful erection of the penis that does not involve sexual desire or excitement. The condition may last up to several hours and is accompanied by pain and tenderness.

Back 78

Priapism

Front 79

The uterine tube are approx __ in long

Back 79

4 inches long

Front 80

Fertilization can occur at any time up to about ___ hours after ovulation.

Back 80

24

Front 81

A zygote will arrive at the uterus _____ after ovulation.

Back 81

6-7 days

Front 82

The middle layer of the uterus, the _______, consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibers that are thickest in the fundus and thinnest in the cervix.

Back 82

Myomentrium

Front 83

The inner layer of the uterus, the ________, is divided into two layers:

Back 83

Endmetrium

1. Stratum Functionalis
2. Stratum Basalis

Front 84

Lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation.

Back 84

Stratum Functionalis

Front 85

Permanent layer and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation.

Back 85

Stratum Basalis

Front 86

Secreted by the hypothalamus. Controls he ovarian and uterine cycles. It stimulates the release of FSH and LH.

Back 86

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 87

Initiates follicular growth.

Back 87

FSH

Front 88

Stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles.

Back 88

LH

Front 89

At midcycle, ___ triggers ovulation and then promotes formation of the corpus luteum.

Back 89

LH

Front 90

These are the main ingredients in birth control:

Back 90

Estrogen and Progesterone

Front 91

Secreted mainlyby cells of the corpus luteum, cooperae with estrogens to prepare and maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion.

Back 91

Progesterone

Front 92

Produced by the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle relaxes th uterus by inhbiting contractions o the myomentrium.

Back 92

Relaxin

Front 93

Secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation. It inhibits secretion of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH.

Back 93

Inhibin

Front 94

The reproductive cycle is divided into ___ days. It has four phases:

Back 94

28 days

Menstrual phase
Preovulatory phase
Ovulation
Postovulatory phase

Front 95

Menstrual flow from te uterus consists of _____ mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epthelia cells shed from the endometrium.

Back 95

50-150mL

Front 96

The rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity, usully occurs on day 14.

Back 96

Ovulation

Front 97

If the oocyte is NOT fertilized, the corpus luteum has a lifespan of only ____ weeks.

Back 97

2 weeks

Front 98

If the secondary oocyte is fertilized and begins to divide, the corpus luteum persists past its normal 2-week lifespan. It is "rescue" from degeneration by ___________.

Back 98

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)