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345 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Blood usually passes through one network of capillaries from the time it leaves the heart until the time it returns, but there are exceptions, notably the __________.
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portal systems and anastomoses
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The _______ is the first vessel blood enters upon exiting the heart.
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aorta
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The ______ expand and recoil with every heart beat due to a histologically dominant network of elastic tissue in the tunica media.
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large (elastic) arteries
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Just prior to entering capillary beds, ______have become extremely thin and present only a few layers of smooth muscle.
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arterioles
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The site of gaseous exchange, or ________, are characterized by extremely thin walls with only endothelium and basal lamina, which better suits diffusional requirements.
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capillaries
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After exiting the capillary, _______ contain no muscle and are the first vessel that blood enters on its way back to the heart.
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venules
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The _______ contain abundant but irregularly spaced smooth muscle with frequent valves present in the tunica interna.
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medium veins
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The superior vena cava is an example of a _______ that includes smooth muscle circularly and longitudinally arranged in the tunica media and externa, respectively.
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large vein
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What is(are) the physiological purposes of vasoreflexes?
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To cause a generalized raising or lowering of blood pressure throughout the body and to selectively modify the perfusion of a particular organ by rerouting blood from one region of the body to another
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What occurs during a period of exercise?
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The sympathetic nervous system can selectively reduce blood flow to the kidneys and digestive tract.The sympathetic nervous system can increase perfusion of the skeletal muscles.Metabolite accumulation in a tissue can stimulate local vasodilation.
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Blood flow is______according to metabolic needs. After a meal ________ receive priority and the skeletal muscles receive very little flow. During exercise the skeletal muscles receive_____ blood flow.Most of the redirection will occur in the _____.
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redirected, the intestines, more, arterioles
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How do materials get from the blood to the surrounding tissues?
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Diffusion, filtration and absorption, and transcytosis
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True statements regarding edema?
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Cerebral edema can produce headaches, nausea, and sometimes delirium, seizures, and coma.As the tissues become congested with fluid, oxygen delivery and waste removal are impaired and the tissues may begin to die.Pulmonary edema presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs.
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Typically, fluid filters _____ the arterial end of a capillary. Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the ______ end.This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its ____. The shift in fluid at the arterial end of the capillary is CAUSED by blood _____ pressure.This is the physical force exerted by a ______ against a surface like a capillary wall.
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out, venous, waste, hydrostatic, liquid
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Where are baroreceptors found?
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Carotid sinuses
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Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?
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Glossopharyngeal nerve
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The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?
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Vagus nerve
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T/F? Heart rate and stroke volume decrease with a decrease in parasympathetic stimulation.
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False
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T/F? Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.
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False
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The blood flow to the body organs is ________ to the resistance of the arterioles leading to them
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inversely proportional
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What is the effect of vasodilation?
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It increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure.
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What is the effect of vasoconstriction?
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It decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure.
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T/F? Blood pressure is directly proportional to vessel resistance.
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True
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T/F? Blood flow is affected by both blood pressure and vessel resistance.
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True
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When arterial outflow becomes greater than inflow, arterial pressure __________.
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decreases
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Eventually, after the arteriole outflow has remained at an increased level, arterial pressure __________.
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reaches a steady state
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T/F? If given the choice between traveling through a vessel with high resistance and one of low resistance, blood will travel through the vessel of most resistance.
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false
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T/F? After dilation of an arteriole, the arterial blood pressure returns to the level that it was before the dilation.
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false
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The sum of the ______ of the blood in the capillaries is equal to the __________ in the artery that feeds them.
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volume per minute, volume per minute
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Which of the following statements is not true concerning blood vessels? As vessel size decreases in cross section, pressure increases.As vessel size decreases in cross section, flow decreases.As vessel size decreases in cross section, friction increases.As vessel size decreases in cross section, volume increases.
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As vessel size decreases in cross section, volume increases.
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Blood flow is ________ to the cross section of the blood vessel.
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directly proportional
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T/F? The sum of the blood velocity of arterioles is equal to the blood velocity of the artery that feeds them.
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True
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T/F Arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles.
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True
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T/F Venule suction aids in venus return
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False
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What type of shock?Form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone
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Neurogenic Shock
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What type of shock?Any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs
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Circulatory
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What type of shock?Results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic
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Anaphylactic Shock
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What type of shock?Produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, etc.
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Hypovolemic Shock
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What type of shock?Caused by inadequate pumping by the heart
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Cardiac
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What type of shock?Occurs when any object compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow
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Obstructed Venous Return
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What type of shock?Caused by inadequate pumping by the hear
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Cardiogenic
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What type of shock?Occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart
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Low Venous Return
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What type of shock?Occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
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Septic
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CVA or TIV?Can be produced by atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm
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CVA
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CVA or TIV?Recovery depends on the ability of neighboring neurons to take over the lost functions
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CVA
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CVA or TIV?The sudden death (infarction) of brain tissue caused by ischemia
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CVA
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CVA or TIV?Effects range from unnoticeable to fatal
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CVA
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CVA or TIV?Brief episode of cerebral ischemi
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TIV
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CVA or TIV?May result from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries
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TIV
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CVA or TIV?Lasts from just a moment to a few hours
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TIV
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CVA or TIV?Temporary dizziness, loss of vision, weakness, paralysis, headache, or aphasia
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TIV
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T/F The cerebral arteries dilate when the systemic BP drops and constrict when it rises.
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true
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What is(are) the advantage(s) of there being a low blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit?
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Blood flows more slowly through the pulmonary capillaries and therefore has more time for gas exchange.It prevents fluid accumulation in the alveolar walls and lumens, which would compromise gas exchange.Oncotic pressure overrides hydrostatic pressure, so pulmonary capillaries are engaged almost entirely in absorption.
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Vessels that arise from the aorta:
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Left common carotid, renal, super mesenteric, Gonadal, Esophageal
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Order of blood as it's entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart:
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AortaBrachiocephalic trunkRight common carotid arteryRight internal carotid arteryCerebral arterial circleCavernous sinus Right internal jugular veinRight brachiocephalic vein Superior vena cav
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Place the respiratory structures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration.
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Trachea Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus BronchioleTerminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolus
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What's the respiration variation?Labored, gasping breathing
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Dyspnea
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What's the respiration variation?Increased pulmonary ventilation
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Hyperventilation
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What's the respiration variation?Rapid breathing induced by acidosis
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Kussmaul Respiration
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What's the respiration variation?Temporary cessation of breathing
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Apnea
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What's the respiration variation?Dyspnea when lying down
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Orthopnea
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What's the respiration variation?Increased breathing in response to exercise
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Hyperpnea
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What's the respiration variation?Reduced pulmonary ventilation
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Hypoventilation
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What's the respiration variation?Accelerated respiration
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Tachyapnea
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Increase or Decrease Respiration?Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
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Decrease
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Increase or Decrease Respiration? Activation of irritant receptors in the airway
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Decrease
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Increase or Decrease Respiration?A decrease in pH of the CSF
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Increase
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Increase or Decrease Respiration?Stimulation of proprioceptors in skeletal muscles
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Increase
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Increase or Decrease Respiration? Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group
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Increase
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Increase or Decrease Respiration?Stimulation of pain receptors
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Increase
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is the primary means of controlling resistance.
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Diameter of Bronchiole
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is constrained by cartilages in larger passageways.
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Diameter of Bronchiole
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? Sympathetic stimulation increases this.
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Diameter of Bronchiole
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is most affected during anaphylactic shock.
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Diameter of Bronchiole
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? Histamine causes it to reduce airflow.
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Diameter of Bronchiole
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?It affects the lung volume relative to a pressure change.
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Pulmonary Compliance
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is affected by scar tissue, which stiffens the lungs.
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Pulmonary Compliance
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Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance? It is increased by the presence of surfactant
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Pulmonary Compliance
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Which Law?Despite a small partial pressure gradient from the respiring tissues to the blood, we know that carbon dioxide is capable of rapid diffusion due to its high solubility.
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Henry's
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Which Law?Knowing that the total pressure of three gases (A, B, and C) is equal to 10 mm Hg, we can calculate the partial pressure of C provided we know that PA=6 mm Hg, and PB= 1 mm Hg
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Dalton's Law
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Which Law?We know that a known volume of air entering the lungs increases when its temperature is increased by the respiratory mucosae.
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Charles Law
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Which Law?We know that the volume of intrapulmonary gas is lower following expiration due to the increased pressure of the thoracic cavity
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Boyle's Law
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Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increasing blood pH
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Hyper
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Hyper or Hypoventilation? Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group
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Hyper
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Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increasing blood Po₂
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Hyper
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Hyper or Hypoventilation?Haldane effect & Bohr effect
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Hypo
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Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increasing carbaminohemoglobin levels
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Hypo
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Hyper or Hypoventilation?Decreasing blood pH
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Hypo
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Hyper or Hypoventilation?Increase blood PCO2
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Hypo
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Decreased or Increased Airflow? Decreased levels of surfactant
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Decreased
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Decreased or Increased Airflow? Scar tissue from tuberculosis
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Decreased
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Decreased or Increased Airflow? An anaphylactic reaction caused by bee sting
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Decreased
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Decreased or Increased Airflow? Aerobic exercise which improves pulmonary compliance
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Increased
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Decreased or Increased Airflow? Bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma
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Increased
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Decreased or Increased Airflow? Breathing subzero air
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Decreased
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The ____A_______ is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm. The ___B____ issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions. The _____C________ receives input from higher brain centers and issues output to both the DRG and VRG.Monitoring CO₂ levels by detecting pH of the CSF is the function of ___D___.Metabolic acidosis would stimulate the __E____ leading to an increase in their rate of respiration.
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A) ventral respiratory group, B) dorsal respiratory group, C) pontine respiratory group,D) central chemoreceptors , E) peripheral chemoreceptors
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During inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli is ______ than the atmospheric pressure.
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less
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When the diaphragm muscle contracts, the pressure in the alveoli will _______.
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decrease
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As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli _____.
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increases
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The ________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
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residual volume
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The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the _______.
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tidal volume
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After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the ________
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inspiratory reserve volume.
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If you subtract the residual volume from the total lung capacity, you get the_______
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vital capacity.
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The vital capacity minus the _________ equals the inspiratory capacity.
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expiratory reserve volume
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The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the f_____
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forced expiratory volume.
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Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Temp increase?
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Decreases
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Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Decreased PH
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Decreases
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Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Heavy Excerise?
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Decreases
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Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Decreased PCO2
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Increases
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Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?Increased PO2
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Increases
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Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?Blood levels of hydrogen ions decrease
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Decrease
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Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?Blood pH increases
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Decrease
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Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?Blood pH decreases
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Increase
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Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm? Levels of CO₂ in the blood increase
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Increase
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Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm? Arterial Po₂ drops below 60 mm Hg
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Increase
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Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm? Blood levels of hydrogen ions increase
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Increase
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Emphysema is COPD that may lead to?
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Alveolar wall breakdownReduced respiratory membrane surface area and gas exchangeHypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosisPolycythemiaCor pulmonale
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Which Hypoxia?A state of low arterial Po₂due to poor pulmonary gas exchange
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Hypoxemic Hypoxia
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Which Hypoxia?Due to the inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen
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Anemic Hypoxia
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Which Hypoxia?Occurs when a poison prevents the tissues from using oxygen
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Histotoxic Hypoxia
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Which Hypoxia?Results from inadequate circulation of the blood
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Ischemic Hypoxia
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Of the three forms of lung cancer, the most common is sOf the three forms of lung cancer, the most common is squamous-cell carcinoma. ____. In this type,____ develop bleeding lesions as the dividing epithelial invade the bronchiole wall.
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squamous-cell carcinoma, bronchi
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Adenocarcinoma, originates in the ____ glands of the lamina propria.
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mucous
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The least common but most dangerous is ______, which easily and quickly metastasizes to other organs.
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small-cell carcinoma
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High altitude training and mountain climbing would be examples where the body encounters _______ as a result of lower than normal partial pressures of oxygen.
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hypoxemic hypoxia
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Conditions where circulation is compromised resulting in poor blood flow, as is seen with heart disease, would be an example of ________.
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ischemic hypoxia
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Caused by a reduced number of red blood cells, ______ is characterized by insufficient oxygen in the blood.
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anemic hypoxia
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Oftentimes, poisons might interfere with the body's ability to utilize or transport oxygen, thus causing ____.
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histotoxic hypoxia
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Regardless of the type of hypoxia, ______, or bluing of the skin, is a primary sign of oxygen deficient tissues.
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cyanosis
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__________ is used to sustain metabolic activities within the cells, and ___________ is produced as a result of these activities.
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O2, CO2
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Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the tissues is __________ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the systemic capillaries.
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higher
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The unloading of oxygen at the tissues results in the formation of __________ . This configuration of hemoglobin __________ carbon dioxide.
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deoxyhemoglobin, more readily binds to
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Under normal conditions, the region expected to have the lowest PCO2 is the ___________________
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atmosphere
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If the atmospheric Pressure(CO2) exceeded the alveolar Pressure(CO2) the pulmonary capillary Pressure(CO2) would ________________________
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increase well above normal range
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A person suffering from hypercapnia compensates by ____________________ ventilation.
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increasing
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Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________
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simple diffusion
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Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure?
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Alveolar Air
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Surfactant is produced by __________________
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Type II pnuemonocytes
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Increased production of surfactant would __________________
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result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases
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Insufficient surfactant production would result in __________________
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possible lung collapse
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Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin.
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Systemic, globin
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The empirical formula for bicarbonate is ________________.
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HCO3-
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Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur?
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systemic capillaries
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Carbonic anhydrase is found in the _______________ where it directly catalyzes the formation of ____________________
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red blood cells, CO2 gas into carbonic acid
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Blood pH decreases in response to ________________________
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the disassociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and H+ ions
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Renal retention of bicarbonate _______________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory ____________________________
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increases, acidosis
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Hypoventilation results in a(n) _________________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ___________________________
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increase, acidosis
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Oxygen unloading occurs at the __________.This process causes a(n) __________ in the oxygen partial pressure of the blood leaving this region.
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tissue, decrease
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Decreased Pressure(CO2) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of these conditions result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ______________________. This shift _______________ hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.
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left, increases
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Under normal conditions, the alveolar oxygen partial pressure is ______________________ than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure.
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always lower
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Oxygen molecules bind ___________________ of the hemoglobin.
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specifically to the heme reigon
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A single hemoglobin displaying a saturation level of 75% would be bound to ___________________________
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Three O2 molecule
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he binding of CO to hemoglobin causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to ___________________
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shift to the left indicating that carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound O2
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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning would result in ____________________ of the tissues because oxygen ____________________
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Hypoxia, is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues.
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If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be?
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756mm Hg
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Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure.
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an increase, a decrease
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Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________
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drop below, inspiration
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When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________
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recoil, increase
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When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause?
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airway pressure reaching zero, expiration
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Parathyroidhormone stimulates this tissue to release CALCIUM
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Bone Tissue
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Insulinstimulates this tissue to convert glucose to triglycerides
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Adipose Tissue
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Growth hormone stimulates this tissue to hypertrophy in response to mechanical trauma
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Follicle-stimulatinghormone stimulates the production of sperm in this tissue
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Seminiferoustubules
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Growth hormone stimulates chondroblasts and hyperplasia in this tissue and ossification of matrix
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Hyaline Cartilage
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Erythropoietinstimulates increased production of this tissue
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Blood Tissue
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Epinephrinestimulates the beta receptors of this tissue producing cAMP production andcalcium permeability
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Cardiac Tissue
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Epinephrinebinds to muscarinic receptors in this tissue to cause increased secretion ofsweat:
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Merocrine sweat glands
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What is the target tissue to hormone action: Hyperglycemiastimulates these cells to secrete insulin
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Pancreatic islets
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Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops.Most often, this is in the form of __________.
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Negative Feedback inhibition
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Hypertrophy and atrophy of the__________ is regulated in large part by the amount of circulating testosterone and growth hormone.
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muscular system
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The nuclei of the hypothalamus, as part of the _________, are critical to the overall development, maintenance, andfunctioning of the body's tissues.
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nervous system
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Blood, a component of the ___________, acts as the medium of hormone transportation throughout thebody.
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circulatory system
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During times of acute stress, epinephrine and norepinephrine will directly increase the pulmonary airlflow of the __________ in order to ensure adequate metabolic support of tissues.
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respiratory system
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Regulation of water excretion and electrolyteconcentrations associated with the __________are controlled by the endocrine system.
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urinary system
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The ____ is influenced by enteric hormones, which regulategastrointestinal secretion and motility.
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digestive system
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Gonadotropins directly regulate the activityof the ______ by controlling the levels of circulating androgens andestrogens.
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reproductive system
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Calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, andcalcitonin are just three of the many hormones that influence the regulation ofthe ______.
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skeletal system
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After eating a meal, blood sugar levels ...
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increase
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Insulin (released after a meal) by a person who does nothave diabetes causes blood sugar levels....
|
return to normal
|
|
TypeI Diabetes
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NO INSULIN IS PRODUCED/RELEASED- Treated with Insulin
|
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TypeII Diabetes
|
SIGNALRECEPTORS ON CELLS ARE NOT RECEIVING THE SIGNALS FOR INSULIN/ NO RESPONSE- treatedwith Metformin
|
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Secretion Site for TRH
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Hypothalamus
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Secretion Site for CRH
|
Hypothalamus
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Secretion Site for GnRH
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Hypothalamus
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Secretion Site for Somatostation
|
Hypothalamus
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Secretion Site for GH
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Anterior Lobe
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Secretion Site for FSH
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Anterior Lobe
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Secretion Site for TSH
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Anterior Lobe
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Secretion Site for ACTH
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Anterior Lobe
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Secretion Site for OT
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Posterior Lobe
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Secretion Site for ADH
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posterior Lobe
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The role of insulin is...
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allows cells to take in glucose
|
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Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitarydiffers from the posterior pituitary
|
The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo- hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.
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Which of the following is/are a mechanism(s) and/or action of growth hormone and insulin like growth factors?
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GH also enhances amino acid transport into cells; and to ensure that protein synthesis outpaces breakdown, it suppresses protein catabolism. To provide energy for growing tissues, GH stimulates adipocytes to catabolize fat and release fatty acids and glycerol into the blood. GH promotes Na+, K+, and Cl- retention by the kidneys, enhances Ca2+ absorption, and makes these electrolytes available to the growing tissues.
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Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the__________.
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hypothalamus
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the__________.
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Posterior Pituitary
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What is the function of ADH?
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Decrease urine volume output and cause blood vesselconstriction
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T/F ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration.
|
TRUE
|
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T/F ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream.
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TRUE
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List Adrenal Disorders:
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Cushings, Disrupts metabolism in hyperglycemia, hypertension and edema
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List pituitary disorders:
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Acromegaly, GH related dwarfisim, Thickening bones of soft tissues
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List Thyroid disorders:
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Myxedema, Results from dietary iodine deficiency, Endemic goiter
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T/F Epinephrine causes the liver to uptake glucose fromthe bloodstream during the fight-or-flight response.
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FALSE
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T/F The conversion of ATP into cAMP is catalyzed by theenzyme adenylyl cyclase.
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TRUE
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The hypothalamus controls the posterior pituitary by way of __________.
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neuroendocrine reflexes
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Which reaction: Norepinephrine and otherhormones raise heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. The body is preparing toprotect itself from a possible threat.
|
ALARM
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Which reaction: Corticosteroids arereleased so protein and fats can be utilized for energy production.CorticosteroidsThe consequence of thisstage could be a decrease in immune function.The
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Stage of resistance
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Which reaction? Atrophy of muscle tissuetakes place as the body continues to utilize protein for energy. Hypertension and organfailure during this stage can lead to death.
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Stage of exhaustion
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Which hormone? stimulating the cortex of the adrenal gland
|
ACTH
|
|
Which hormone? producing the conversionof follicle into corpus luteum
|
LH
|
|
Which hormone? causing release of ACTH
|
CRH
|
|
Which hormone? Effect on gameteproduction
|
FSH(I remember this one with F(i)SH and GAMEte
|
|
Which hormone? means against urine
|
ADH
|
|
Which hormone? means near thyroid
|
PTH
|
|
Which hormone? affects release of hormone for gonads
|
GnRH
|
|
Which hormone? means directly affects thyroid
|
TSH
|
|
Which hormone? Named for iodine molecules
|
T3
|
|
Which hormone? means promoting milk production
|
PRL
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes the principal glands of metabolic control
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes hormones critically involved with bloodcalcium homeostasis
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes a gland responsible for immune maturation
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Glands that produce hormones of sympathetically dominant states dominant
|
Pancreas and/or Adrenals
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Glands that produce hormones of blood glucose regulation glucose
|
Pancreas and/or Adrenals
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Includes glands associated with both acute and chronic stress
|
Pancreas and/or Adrenals
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Production sites for hormones involved with hydration status
|
Pancreas and/or Adrenals
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Production sites for hormones involved with blood pressure regulation pressure
|
Pancreas and/or Adrenals
|
|
Thymus and/or Thyroid, Pancreas and/or Adrenals or Gonads? Glands involved with the production of thereproductive hormones
|
Gonads
|
|
When blood glucose is high, beta cells of the ____ secrete ____.
|
pancreas, insulin
|
|
Uptake of glucose by the liver, muscles, and fat cells ______. As a result, blood glucose levels____.
|
increases, decrease
|
|
When blood glucose levels are too low, alpha cells of thepancreas secrete _______. As a result, the________ releases glucose into the blood.
|
glucagon, liver
|
|
Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Epinephrine persistently high bp Growth horome during adulthoos: acromegaly
|
HYPER
|
|
Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Parathyroid hormone persistently elevated blood calcium
|
HYPER
|
|
Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Estrogen- in men development of boobs
|
HYPER
|
|
Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Folicle stimulating hormone increased number of mature ova produced
|
HYPER
|
|
Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Insulin persistently elevated blood glucose
|
HYPO
|
|
Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Growth hormone during adolescence- dwarf
|
HYPO
|
|
Hyper OR Hypo secretion? Insulin persistently elevated blood glucose
|
HYPO
|
|
The endocrine system is comprised of __________ thatsecrete hormones.
|
tissues, cells and glands (all)
|
|
Functions of what hormone? promotes tissuegrowth-targets many organs- promotes tissuerepair and maintenance throughout life.
|
GH
|
|
Which stage? Immune System Suppression
|
Reisistance
|
|
Which Stage? Sodium Retention,Increased BP due to increased blood volume, Liver glycogenolysis
|
Alarm Reaction
|
|
Glucocorticoids are _____ hormones secreted by ________ glands.
|
STEROID, ENDOCRINE
|
|
T/F Glucocorticoid response elements function as enhancers
|
True
|
|
T/F Theglucocorticoid receptor is active as a dimer.
|
TRUE
|
|
The hypothalamus secretes_____(#) hormones, _____(#) to regulate the anterior pituitary and _____(#) that are stored in theposterior pituitary.
|
, eight, six, two
|
|
Endocrine or Exocrine?Sebum
|
Exo
|
|
Endocrine or Exocrine?Mucos
|
Exo
|
|
Endocrine or Exocrine?Bile
|
Exo
|
|
Endocrine or Exocrine?HCI
|
Exo
|
|
Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.
|
erythrocytes and protein
|
|
statement(s) regarding the composition of plasma.
|
Water represents 92% by weight. Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion. The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea.
|
|
Viscosity or Osmolarity?Resistance of a fluid to flow.
|
Viscosity
|
|
Viscosity or Osmolarity?Results fro the cohesion of a fluid's particles.
|
Viscosity
|
|
Viscosity or Osmolarity?Thickness or Stickiness of a fluid
|
Viscosity
|
|
Viscosity or Osmolarity?Too high, and blood flows sluggishly.
|
Viscosity
|
|
Viscosity or Osmolarity?Reabsorption between b/w the blood stream and tissue fluid is governed by it.
|
Osmolarity
|
|
Viscosity or Osmolarity?Transfer of fluids is a balance between filtration from the capillary and reabsorption.
|
Osmolarity
|
|
Viscosity or Osmolarity?If it is too high the blood stream absorbs too much water, raising BP.
|
Osmolarity
|
|
Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygen ____ and can be detected by the kidneys and liver.
|
transport
|
|
When detected, e_____ is produced and secreted.
|
erythropoietin
|
|
EPO will stimulate the red bone marrow to ____ RBCs.
|
produce
|
|
This will result in an increase of _____ transport throughout the body.
|
oxygen
|
|
Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ____ feedback loop.
|
negative
|
|
In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains __________.
|
are broken down by macrophages into amino acids
|
|
In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron __________.
|
is transported by transferrin to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
|
|
What is the correct sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme?
|
Heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces and urine
|
|
T/F?Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin.
|
True
|
|
T/F? Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver.
|
True
|
|
What happens when hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen molecules?
|
The oxygen molecules on both sides of the oxygen-permeable membrane reach equilibrium.
|
|
How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule transport?
|
4
|
|
What happens when the water on one side of the semipermeable membrane contains hemoglobin molecules and the water on the other side does not?
|
The PO2 will eventually equalize after the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen.
|
|
T/F? Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are interchangeable terms used to describe the percentage of whole blood composed of RBCs.
|
False
|
|
What characteristics of a red blood cell increases its ability to carry oxygen to the tissues?
|
Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP.The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin.RBCs lose nearly all organelles during their development. Lacking a nucleus and DNA, RBCs also are incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis.
|
|
The structure of hemoglobin consists of ____ chains. Two of the chains are a___ and two are ____proteins. Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein _____ group.This group contains an _____ ion in the center.This center portion will reversibly bind oxygen and carbon dioxide.
|
four , alpha/beta, heme, iron
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affected?Erythrocytes in High Alttitude
|
Increase
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affected Erythrocytes w/ long term hypoxia
|
Increase
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affectedB lymphocytes and influenza infection
|
increase
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affectedBasophils and chronic asthma
|
Increase
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affectedEosinophils and tape worms
|
Increase
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affected Erythrocytes and acute viral infection
|
No Change
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affected Erythrocytes and dietary iron deficiency
|
Decrease
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affectedErythrocytes and eyrthropoietin hypersecretion
|
Decrease
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affectedErythrocytes and declining intrinsic factor
|
Decrease
|
|
increase, decrease, or not be affectedErythrocytes and acute hemorrhage
|
Decrease
|
|
T/F In addition to the ABO and Rh groups, there are at least 100 other known blood groups, but they rarely cause transfusion reactions.
|
TRUE
|
|
Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn:
|
Rh- woman carries an Rh+ fetus.First pregnancy is uneventful due to placental protection Placental tearing exposes the mother to Rh+ fetal blood and she begins to produce anti-D antibodies.Additional pregnancies with an Rh+ fetus, her anti-D antibodies may pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes.Causes anemia in newborn.
|
|
Least Common Blood Type?
|
AB+
|
|
Each blood cell antigen will have a different ________ on the surface of the RBC.
|
carbohydrate complex
|
|
_____ spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries.
|
Leukocytes
|
|
Stage of development for WBC?
|
1.Mature cells2.Hemopoietic stem cell3.Colony-forming units4.Precursor cells
|
|
After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.
|
plasmin
|
|
In healthy blood vessels, platelets do not adhere because the smooth endothelium is coated with ______________.
|
prostacyclin
|
|
What is NOT a function of platelets?
|
They inhibit procoagulants.
|
|
What DOES NOT describe hemophilia?
|
Males can inherit from either their mother or father. (Occurs predominantly in males, can inherit from mother.)
|
|
There are ______ hemostatic mechanisms.
|
Three
|
|
IN the hemostatic mechanism, first _____ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.
|
vascular
|
|
Platelet plugs form as a large mass of platelets ______ and undergo degranulation.
|
aggregate
|
|
IN the hemostatic mechanism, Degranulation promotes _____.
|
hemostasis
|
|
IN the hemostatic mechanism , ______finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.
|
coagulation
|
|
Repulsion, Anticoagulants or Dilution?It occurs when blood vessels are undamaged.Prostacyclin coats the vessel walls.
|
Repulsion
|
|
Repulsion, Anticoagulants or Dilution?Normal rates of blood flow account for it.Circulatory shock interferes with it.
|
Dilution
|
|
Repulsion, Anticoagulants or Dilution? Antithrombin deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen.Heparin interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator.Heparin blocks the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.Heparin promotes the action of antithrombin.
|
Anticoagulants
|
|
ACTH
|
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
|
|
ADH
|
Antidiuretic Hormone
|
|
CRH
|
Corticotropin RELEASING hormone
|
|
FSH
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
|
|
GH
|
Growth Hormone
|
|
GHRH
|
Growth Hormone RELEASING Hormone
|
|
GnRH
|
Goandotropin RELEASING Hormone
|
|
LH
|
Luteinizing Hormone
|
|
OT
|
Oxytocin
|
|
PIH
|
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
|
|
PRL
|
Prolactin
|
|
PTH
|
Parathyroid Hormone
|
|
TH
|
Thyroid Hormone (T3, T4 collectively)
|
|
TRH
|
Thyrotropin RELEASING Hormone
|
|
TSH
|
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
|
|
metarteriole
|
sphincters
|
|
vaso reflexes
|
general raising and lowering of BP
|
|
arterioles
|
most blood during excercise
|
|
baro-receptors
|
cartoid sinuses (barameter)
|
|
baro receptors = what nerve
|
glasso
|
|
action potentioal brain to heart nerves
|
vagus
|
|
body to organs blood flow
|
inverse
|
|
vaso restriction and blood flow/bpincrease/decrease?
|
increase
|
|
cardiac muscle membrane potential increases when
|
sodium
|
|
cardiac muscle membrane potential decreases when
|
potassium (calcium)
|
|
Blood vessel true statements
|
sum of volume per minute
|
|
Cross section blood vessels
|
decreases
|
|
cardiac membrane membrane decreases rapidly
|
potassium
|
|
the SA node peaks when
|
calcium
|
|
SA repolarization
|
potassium
|
|
SA maintain continual
|
Potassium
|
|
He believes borrowed crybabies better FU
|
Heme, Bilivirdin, Bilirubin, Conjugated,
|
|
ventricular contraction =
|
atrial close semilunar
|
|
psi ventricles...
|
lower, atria opens
|
|
cardiac excitation=
|
calcium/ T Tubules
|
|
open intrinsic and sarco
|
CA+CA
|
|
increased CA in cytosol
|
sarcomeres
|
|
order of SA action potential
|
SA, AV node, AV bundle, Branches, Purj
|
|
AV node=
|
slows down
|
|
aortic psi up
|
vent eject
|
|
atria relaxed
|
vent filling
|
|
cardiac formula
|
HR x SV
|
|
Hear Nervous System
|
Para Symp
|