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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Taste
- The tongue |
Houses the taste buds, enabling the person to taste
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Taste
- Fungi Form Papillae |
Taste buds located on top of mushroom shaped rises
- also located on side walls of circumvallate |
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Taste buds
- Characteristics |
Made of (3) type of cells
- Taste cells - Support cells - basal cells |
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Taste
- Gustatory hairs |
- Project from taste & support cells
- Chemicals dissolve in saliva - then into taste pore to contact hairs - cause depolarization leading to cranial nerves |
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Taste
- Participating Cranial Nerves - what they connect to... |
- Glossopharyngeal (IX) & Facial (VII)
- Connect to the Thalamus & Gustatory complex of parietal lobes |
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Taste
- locations of taste on tongue |
- Sweet @ the tip
- Salty @ the sides - Sour @ the sides (posterior) - Bitter @ the back - Umami @ the pharynx *** for strong taste |
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Taste
- functions of taste buds |
- Taste
- Start digestion - |
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Taste
- special condition for taste buds to function |
Has to be covered in a liquid
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Smell
- is what type of receptor |
Chemoreceptor
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Smell
- Define olfaction |
detecting the chemical output from food
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Smell
- relationship between taste and smell |
- 80% of taste is smell
- w/o smell, food tastes different |
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Smell
- Anatomy |
- Mucous layer
- Cell cilia embedded in mucous - Support Cells - Nerve axons go through Ethmoid bone - Cribiform plate - Olfactory bulb & tract |
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Accessory Structures
- Eyelids |
Conjunctiva inside, produces lubricating mucus that keeps eye from drying out
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Accessory Structures
- Lacrimal Caruncle |
Sebaceous and sweat glands
- produce whitish, oily secretions |
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Accessory Structures
- Lacrimal Glands - List them (4) |
- Tear Ducts
- Lacrimal Sac - Nasal Lacrimal Ducts - Lacrimal Fluid |
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Accessory Structures
- Lacrimal Glands - Tear Ducts |
Outer corners of eye
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Accessory Structures
- Lacrimal Glands - Lacrimal Sac |
Nasal
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Accessory Structures
- Lacrimal Glands - Nasal Lacrimal Ducts |
Enter Nasal cavity
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Accessory Structures
- Lacrimal Glands - Lacrimal Fluid |
- Mucous
- antibodies - lysozyme = enzyme that destroys bacteria |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Pupil |
- really a hole into eye
- black b/c of chorid layer inside eye - Has circular and radial muscles |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Pupil - Circular Muscles |
- Controlled by Parasympathetic
- When contracted = closes pupil - When relaxed = opens pupil |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Pupil - Radial Muscles |
- Controlled by Sympathetic
- When contracted = opens pupil - When relaxed = closes pupil |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Iris |
- colored structure
- regulates amount of light entering the eye |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Lens - connectios for shape |
Ciliary bodies - ciliary muscles - smooth muscles that control shape
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Ciliary Processes |
- contain capillaries that secrete fluid into anterior segment of eye
- secretes Aqueous Humor |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Suspensory ligament |
- Holds lens in upright postion
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Cornea |
- Clear filament that covers front of lens
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Sclera |
- white portion of eye
- lines back of cornea |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Lens |
- focuses light, to project into eye
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Aqueous Humor |
- fluid filling the anterior segment of eye
- secreted by capillaries of the ciliary process - drains through Scleral Venous Sinus to nasal cavity |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Vitreous Humor |
- Fluid filling the posterior segment of eye
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Choroid Layer |
- Highly vascular (lots of blood)
- between Retina and Sclera - dark brown membrane to absorb light - Continous w/ Iris |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Retina |
- in front of choroid layer
- Has yellow spot w/ Fovea Centralis and Macula Lutea |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Macula Lutea |
- AKA "Yellow Spot"
- location of Fovea Centralis - Mostly cones - light travels almost directly to photoreceptors |
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Anatomy of the Eye
- Fovea Centralis |
- Made of entirely cones
- NO RODS - almost no outer coverings |
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Retina
- (2) layers |
- Pigmented Layer
- Neural Layer |
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Retina
- Pigmented Layer |
The outer layer of retina
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Retina
- Neural Layer |
- Inner layer of retina
- Rods and cones are the most exterior - Next is bipolar cells which connect to muliple rods/cones - next is ganglion cells which have axons that feed into the optic nerve - this is the sight where the AP is originated |
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Retina
- Optic Disk |
- AKA "Blind Spot"
- has no photoreceptors - where optic nerve begins |
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Brain - Image Interpretation
- Definition |
When an image reaches the eye, it must then be processed and interpreted before reaching the brain
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Brain - Image Interpretation
- Ipsilateral |
- information stays on the same side of brain it was received.
- meaning no crossover occurs |
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Brain - Image Interpretation
- Contralateral |
- Information crosses over to the opposite side of the brain
- information passes through Optic Chiasma |
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Brain - Image Interpretation
- Overlap |
- duplicate information received in both eyes
- gives 3D images |
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Brain - Image Interpretation
- Optic tracts end @... |
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
or LGN for short |
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Brain - Image Interpretation
- Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
- AKA "LGN"
- Group of cell bodies - part of the thalamus - information then goes to the Occipital lobe |
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Photoreception
- Rhodopsin |
- protein in phospholipid bilayer of Rods & Cones
- Used during dark period of cycle - helps to see shapes and pictures |
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Photoreception
- (3) wavelengths to see what colors |
Red, blue, green
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Photoreception
- During the Dark |
- Na+ channels open
- Na+ pumped in/out of creates dark current - channels open at -30 mV - Neurotransmitters are released to ensure Na+ gates stay open - GMP to GDP Cycle |
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Photoreception
- During the light |
- Light prevents GMP from cycling
- Na+ gates close, K+ gatse remains the same - this causes hyperpolarization at -70 mV - inhibits neurotransmitters - Rhodopsin changes to opsin and retinal - Rods are more sensative than cones |
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Photoreception
- Summary |
Dark = Rhodopsin
Light = Opsin + Retinal A |
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Mechanoreceptor
- Parts of outer ear |
- Pina
- exterior auditory canal - tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
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Mechanoreceptor
- Parts of Middle Ear - (3) hearing bones |
- Incus - "Anvil"
- Malleous - "Hammer" - Stapes - "Stirrups" |
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Mechanoreceptor
- Parts of Middle Ear - (2) muscles that control loudness of hearing |
- Tensor Tympani = attaches to Malleus and is long
- stapedius = attaches to the stapes and is small |
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Mechanoreceptor
- Parts of middle ear - auditory tube |
- connects middle ear with the nasopharynx
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Mechanoreceptor
- Parts of inner ear |
- according to my notes - just the cochlea
- The cochlea houses receptors for hearing |
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Mechanoreceptor
- Cochlea - (3) parts |
- Upper is Scala Vestibuli
- oval window connects here - Lower is Scala Tympani - Middle is Scala Median |
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Mechanoreceptor
- Cochlea - Bony labryinth is filled w/ ... |
- Endolymph
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Mechanoreceptor
- Cochlea - Membranous labryinth is filled w/ ... |
- perilymph
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Cochlea
- Scala Median - Characteristics |
- Filled w/ endolymph
- Vestibular Membrane @ the top - Basilar Membrane @ the bottom - houses the Organ of Corti |
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Cochlea
- Organ of Corti |
- Tectorial Membrane is where hairs touch
- basilar membe - hair cells embedded in it - some touch tectorial, some dont - starts at oval window and leads to round window - Goes from narrow to wider to catch different frequencies |
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Cochlea
- Scala Tympani |
- filled w/ Perilymph (bony)
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Cochlea
- Scala Vestibuli |
- filled w/ Perilymph (bony)
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Balance
- Vestibule |
- Functions in Static Equilibrium
- Bony Labryinth filled w/ perilymph - (2) membranous sacs - Saccule & Utricle |
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Balance
- Vestibule - Utricle & Saccule |
- Contain Maculae
- Otoliths - Otolithic Membrane - membranous labryniths filled w/ endolymph |
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Balance
- Vestibule - Utricle & Saccule - Otoliths |
Calcium Carbonate rocks on top to give weight to otolithic membrane
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Balance
- Vestibule - Utricle & Saccule - Otolithic membrane |
- Has hair cells with cilia embedded in it
- When membrane moves - cilia moves - enables person to know current position |
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Balance
- Semicircular Canals |
- Functions in Direction of Rotational Accel/deceleration
- Dynamic Equilibrium - Has (3) planes of bony labrinyths - superior, lateral, posterior - filled w/ perilymph - Has Ampulla |
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Balance
- Semicircular Canals - Ampulla |
- Membranous labrynith filled w/ endolymph
- Crista Ampularis with Cupula |
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Balance
- Semicircular Canals - Ampulla - Crista Ampularis |
- Crista contains
- Cupula - Hair cells - support cells - fluid moves and bends hair cells - creates nerve impulse - which exits through vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Balance
- Semicircular Canals - Ampulla - Crista Ampularis - Cupula |
- mass of gelatinous material covering hair and support cells
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Balance
- Vertigo |
- Cupula (gelatinous material) hardens
- can be treated with high frequency to break up material |
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Balance
- Sea Sickness |
- Inputs from Eyes and years dont jive togethre
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Endocrine Vs Exocrine
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- Endocrine
- secretions directly into blood - ECF hormones regulate metabolic processes of other cells - made of organic compounds - Exocrine - secretions discharge through duct - directly onto epithelial surface to lubricate or digest |
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Endocrine
- Major Glands |
- Pituitary
- Thyroid & Parathyroid - Adrenal - Isles of Langerhans - Ovaries & Testes |
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Hormone Output
- Negative feedback |
- most endocrine glands operate on this premise
- Make hormone until you get negative feedback to stop - makes less waste |
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Hormone Output
- Gland Stimuli - 3 ways to stimulate |
- Humoral
- Neural - Hormonal |
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Hormone Output
- Gland Stimuli - Humoral |
- secrete hormones in direct respone to change in blood levels of nutrients
- ex is insulin |
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Hormone Output
- Gland Stimuli - Neural |
- Secrete hormone in response to nerve stimuli
- ex is Epinephrine or Norepinephrine |
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Hormone Output
- Gland Stimuli - Hormonal |
- Secrete hormones in respone to hormones produced by other endocrine glands...
- and i dont know an example |
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Hormone Receptors
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- proteins in plasma membrane
- Located within target cells or cell membranes - number of receptors change depending on hormone levels |
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Hormone Receptors
- Up-regulation |
Form more receptors in response to rising blood level of hormone
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Hormone Receptors
- down-regulation |
loss of receptors to prevent target cells from overreacting
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Hormone Half-life
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- length of time a hormone remains in the blood
- can last from fraction of a min to 30 min |
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Hormone Classification
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- classified vis structure
- NOT VIA FUNCTION*** - 2 types only |
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Hormone Classification
- Type I |
- Steroids = lipids and fats
- fat soluble, shaped like cholesterol - Can pass through plasma membrane - activate transcription in nucleus of target cell - interacts directly with DNA |
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Hormone Classification
- Type I examples |
ex adrenal - aldosterone, corisal
ovaries - estrogen testes - testosterone thyroid - thyroxin |
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Hormone Classification
- Type II |
- Peptide Hormones (proteins)
- produced by most endocrine glands - Cant pass through plasma membrane - has secondary messengers |
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Hormone Classification
- Type II - How it works |
- B/C its a protein, cant pass through plasma membrane
- Binds to receptor proteins on target cells surface - causes cell to produce Intracellular messenger - 2nd messenger is cAMP and IP3 - Function to stimulate enzyme activity which produces a desired end product |
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Hormone Classification
- Type II - how it stops |
phosphodiesterase - degrades cAMP
- effectively stops Type II action |