Chapter 8 Ap Human Geography

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State

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an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

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Sovereignty

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Independence from control or its internal affairs by other states

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Nation

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Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states.

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Nation State

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A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity

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Democracy

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Government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state.

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Multinational State

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State with more than one nation within its borders.

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Stateless Nation

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Nation that does not have a state.

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Colonialism

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An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles to that territory

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Centripetal Force

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Forces that tend to unify a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences.

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Centrifugal Force

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Forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences.

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Devolution

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The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

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Reapportionment

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Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people.

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Boundary

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Vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface.

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Geometric Boundary

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Political boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc.

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Physical-Political Boundary

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Political boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape - such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range.

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Heartland Theory

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A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Harold Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world.

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Compact State

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A state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. Example: Poland, Kenya, Uruguay

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Prorupted State

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A type of territorial shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory. Example: Mozambique and Thailand

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Fragmented State

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A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts. Example: Indonesia

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Perforated State

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A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state. Example: South Africa

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Microstates

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In statistical mechanics, a microstate is a specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system that the system may occupy with a certain probability in the course of its thermal fluctuations. ... Treatments on statistical mechanics, define a macrostate as follows.

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City State

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a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

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Irredentism

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a person advocating the restoration to their country of any territory formerly belonging to it.

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Self Determination

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the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

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Multiethnic

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of, relating to, or constituting several ethnic groups.

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Supranationalism

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refers to a large amount of power given to an authority which in theory is placed higher than the state (in our case this authority is the European Union). Intergovernmentalism focuses on the importance of member states in the process of creating EU-wide regulations.

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Imperialism

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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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Berlin Conference

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The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

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Decolonization

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the act of getting rid of colonization, or freeing a country from being dependent on another country. An example of decolonization is India becoming independent from England after World War II.

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Manifest Destiny

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the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

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Rimland Theory

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In 1942, Nichols Spyman created a theory which countered Mackinder's Heartland theory. Spyman stated that Eurasia's rimland, the coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island. Explanation - The rimland contains the Heartland.

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Frontier

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the district near a border separating two countries.the extreme limit of settled land beyond which lies wilderness, especially referring to the western US before Pacific settlement.

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Law of the Sea

Internal Waters

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According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a nation's internal waters include waters on the landward side of the baseline of a nation's territorial waters, except in archipelagic states. It includes waterways such as rivers and canals, and sometimes the water within small bays.

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Law of the Sea

Territorial Waters

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the waters under the jurisdiction of a state, especially the part of the sea within a stated distance of the shore (traditionally three miles from low-water mark).

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Law of the Sea

Contiguous Zone

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The contiguous zone is a band of water extending from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi) from the baseline, within which a state can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing "infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws

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Law of the Sea

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

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An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zoneprescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind

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Law of the Sea

International Waters

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the areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country.

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Ethnic Boundary

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Ethnic boundaries are patterns of social interaction that give rise to, and subse- quently reinforce, in-group members' self-identification and outsiders' confirma- tion of group distinctions. ... Various ways of defining ethnic groups are found in the literature, but most emphasize cultural and geographical elements.

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Raison d'etre

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the most important reason or purpose for someone or something's existence.

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Antecedent Boundary

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boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed, i.e., Malaysia/Indonesia on the island of Borneo.

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Subsequent Boundary

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boundaries that are created as a result of long-term processes, i.e., Vietnam/China.

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Superimposed Boundary

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A superimposed boundary is a boundary that has been imposed on an area by an outside or conquering power. This boundary ignores the cultural organizations on this landscape

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Relic Boundary

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A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion, culture or race.

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Landlocked State

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A landlocked state or country is a sovereign stateentirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are currently 48 such countries, including four partially recognised states. Only two, Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, lie outside Afro-Eurasia (the Old World).

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Autocracy

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a system of government by one person with absolute power.

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Anocracy

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An anocracy is a government regime featuring inherent qualities of political instability and ineffectiveness, as well as an "incoherent mix of democratic and autocratic traits and practices."

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Theocracy

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a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

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Monarchy

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a form of government with a monarch at the head.

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Unitary State

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A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government.

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Federal State

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A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government.

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Gerrymandering

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Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

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Wasted Vote

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The three types of gerrymandering are excess vote, wasted vote and stacked

Spreads the opposition supporters across many districts

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Excess Vote

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The three types of gerrymandering are excess vote, wasted vote and stacked. The excess vote method concentrates the voting power of the opposite party into very few districts, meaning the party's overall influence is reduced.

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Stacked Vote

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The three types of gerrymandering are excess vote, wasted vote and stacked Links liked-minded, distant voters with oddly-drawn boundaries

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Buffer State

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a small neutral country, situated between two larger hostile countries, serving to prevent the outbreak of regional conflict.

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Satellite State

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The term satellite state designates a country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic and military influence or control from another country.

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Iron Curtain

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the notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989.

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Domino Theory

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the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.

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Terrorism

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the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.