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77 Cards in this Set
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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) |
The percentage growth of a population in a year RNI = (CBR - CDR)/10 Sometimes called the Natural Rate of Increase (NRI) |
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR) |
The total number of live births per 1000 members of the community in one calendar year CBR = Live Births/Population in thousands |
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Annual statistic |
A statistic that is calculated per year |
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Crude Death Rate (CDR) |
The number of deaths per 100 members of the community in one calendar year CDR = Deaths/Population in thousands |
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Life expectancy |
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions |
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Life expectancy at birth |
The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live |
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Fecundity |
Producing or able to produce offspring |
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double-income no-kid (DINK) |
Families in which both spouses work and there are no children |
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Doubling time |
An estimation of how long it will take a country's population to double Doubling time = 70/RNI |
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Immigration |
Migration to a new location |
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Emigration |
Migration from a location |
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Net Migration Rate |
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration per 1000 members of the community Net Migration Rate = (# of immigrants - # of emigrants)/(population in thousands) |
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Demographic Equation |
The percentage increase or decrease of the population of a community Demographic Equation = [(CBR - CDR) + Net Migration Rate]/10 |
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR) |
The estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15-45) TFR = (# of children born)/(# of women aged 15-45) |
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Replacement Rate |
The TFR required for the population to be maintained naturally (not including migration) Replacement Rate = TFR = 2.1 |
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Demographic Transition Model |
A theory/model of how population changes over time, providing insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, the roles of women, urbanization, etc |
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Carrying capacity |
The number of living organisms that a region can support without environmental degredation |
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Population S-curve |
The shape of the population curve on the Demographic Transition Module due to the initial slow growth due, followed by exponential growth, followed by slow growth as a population reaches its carry capacity |
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Subsistence farming |
Farming that produces only enough to eat |
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Transhumance |
Seasonal migration for food and resources |
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Child mortality |
The death of infants and children under the age of five |
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Infant mortality |
The death of children under the age of one year |
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Pull factors |
Specific things about a place that draw people to that place |
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Zero population growth (ZPG) |
When birth rates and death rates are equal |
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Demographic Transition Model: Stage One |
Balance Agricultural; subsistence; agrarian High birth rate; high death rate; slow population growth No current countries; southern Africa during epidemics |
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Demographic Transition Model: Stage Two |
Growth Developing, industrialized High birth rate; decreasing death rate; rapid population growth Ghana; Nepal |
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Demographic Transition Model: Stage Three |
Leveling Developed, industrialized Decreasing birth rate; decreasing death rate; slowing population growth China; Uraguay |
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Demographic Transition Model: Stage Four |
Replacement Service-based Low birth rate; low death rate; low to negative population growth Italy; Canada |
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Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) |
Countries characterized by economies that are transitioning away from agriculture to manufacturing as their primary form of economics Fall between Demographic Transition Model Stage Two and Three Mexico; Malaysia |
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Guest workers |
Foreign workers in countries with limited population growth and so limited citizens to enter the workforce |
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Malthusian Theory |
Proposed by Thomas Malthus in 1798. Stated that the world's population would eventually (he believed about 1900) outgrow its food resources. |
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Malthusian catastrophe |
The point at which there would no longer be enough food to support the global population |
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Neo-Malthusians |
Recent theorists who warn that a Malthusian catastrophe could still occur |
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Sustainability |
The capacity to endure |
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Population pyramid |
A graphic way to demonstrate the population structure of a country or place |
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Age cohort |
A group of people of a given age or age grouping |
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Age-sex cohort |
A group of people, of the same sex, of a given age or age grouping |
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Population density |
The number of people per given area of land |
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Arithmetic population density |
The number of people per given area of land |
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Physiologic density |
The number of people per given area of arable (farmable) land |
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Arable |
Farmable |
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Centroid |
The geographic center of the country |
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Population-weighted centroid |
The point on which a rigid, weightless map would balance perfectly given if the population members are represented as points of equal mass |
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Age cohort |
A group of subjects who are within a certain age range. |
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Age distribution |
A population pyramid that shows a graphical distribution of various age groups in a population. |
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Cohort |
People counted as a group. |
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Demographic equation |
The increase or decrease in the population minus the amount of migration. (RNI - net migration)/10 = % growth rate annually |
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Demographic momentum |
The tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline due to their young age distribution. This leads to the country moving to a different stage in the demographic transition model. |
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Doubling time |
The time required for a population to double in size. 70/RNI |
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Ecumene |
Inhabited land; land where people have made their permanent home; areas considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose |
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Gendered space |
An area which is designated for or claimed by one gender. |
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Overpopulation |
A function of the number of individuals compared to the relevant resources, such as the water and essential nutrients they need to survive. |
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Population distribution |
Description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live. |
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Population explosion |
The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase. |
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Population projection |
Estimate of the population for future dates. |
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Sex-ratio |
The ratio of males to females in a population. |
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Standard of living |
The level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area. |
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Sustainability |
The ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely. |
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Underpopulation |
Circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living for its inhabitants. |
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Zero population growth |
A population that is unchanging, neither growing nor declining. |
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Activity space |
The space within which daily activity occurs. |
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Chain migration |
Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links. One migrant settles in a place and then communicates to other family members and friends who in turn migrate there. |
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Cyclic movement |
Movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally. (Nomadic migration) |
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Forced migration |
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.f |
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Gravity model |
A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them. |
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Internal migration |
Human movement within a nation-state. |
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Intervening Opportunity |
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites further away. |
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Periodic movement |
Movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation. (College attendance or military service) |
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Personal space |
The physical space immediately surrounding someone, into which any encroachment feels threatening or uncomfortable to them. |
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Place utility |
The desirability and usefulness of a place to an individual or group. |
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Push factors |
Negative conditions and perceptions that make people leave their home and migrate to a different place. |
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Pull factors |
Positive conditions and perceptions that attract people to a particular place. |
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Refugees |
People who have left their home country because of political persecution. |
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Space-time prism |
The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time. |
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Step migration |
Migration that is done in stages. |
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Transmigration |
The movement of people away from overpopulated core regions to less crowded areas. |
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Voluntary migration |
Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move. |