Ap Human Geography De Blij Chap. 9

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Central Business District (CBD)

Back 1

The commercial and often geographic heart of a city.

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Synekism

Back 2

A concept in urban studies coined by Edward Soja. It refers to the dynamic formation of the polis state - the union of several small urban settlements under the rule of a "capital" city.

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Urban

Back 3

Of, relating to, or located in a city.

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City

Back 4

A center of population, commerce, and culture; a town of significant size and importance.

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Agricultural Village

Back 5

A relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend their crops.

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Agricultural Village

Back 6

An agricultural production that exceeds the needs of the society for which it is being produced, and may be exported or stored for future times.

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Social Stratification

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A concept involving the "classification of people into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions ... a relational set of inequalities with economic, social, political and ideological dimensions."

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Leadership Class

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Group of decision-makers and organizers in early cities who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others.

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First Urban Revolution

Back 9

The historical emergence of cities and urbanism.

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Mesopotamia

Back 10

An ancient region of southwestern Asia in present-day Iraq.

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Nile River Valley

Back 11

A region of northern Egypt where the Nile River snakes through the desert (north of Aswan) and then fans out toward the Mediterranean Sea, creating a vast, fertile region.

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Indus River Valley

Back 12

The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of what is now mainly present-day Pakistan and northwest India.

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Huang He and Wei River Valleys

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Rivers in present-day China; It was at the confluence of Huang He and Wei Rivers where chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE.

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Mesoamerica

Back 14

A region and cultural area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Peru

Back 15

A country located in western South America.

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Secondary Hearth

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An early adopter of a cultural practice or trait that becomes a central locale from which the practice of trait further diffuses.

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Acropolis

Back 17

A citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill.

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Agora

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(in ancient Greece) A public open space used for assemblies and markets.

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Site

Back 19

The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting.

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Situation

Back 20

The external locational attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other non local places.

Front 21

Urban Morphology

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The study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its component parts and the process of its development.

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Functional Zonation

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The pattern of land uses within a city (resdential, commercial, governmental, etc)or social patterns

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Forum

Back 23

A meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged.

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Trade Area

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Adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant.

Front 25

Rank-size Rule

Back 25

Describes the remarkable regularity in many phenomena including the distribution of city sizes around the world, sizes of businesses, particle sizes (such as sand), lengths of rivers, frequencies of word usage, wealth among individuals, etc.

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Primate City

Back 26

The leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.

Front 27

Central Place Theory

Back 27

A geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. The theory was created by the German geographer Walter Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places' providing services to surrounding areas.

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Sun Belt Phenomenon

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The movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern states to the South and Southwest regions of the United States.

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Zone

Back 29

Any continuous tract or area that differs in some respect, or is distinguished for some purpose, from adjoining tracts or areas, or within which certain distinctive circumstances exist or are established.

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Central City

Back 30

A heavily populated city at the center of a large metropolitan area.

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Suburb

Back 31

A smaller community adjacent to or within commuting distance of a city.

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Suburbinization

Back 32

(sub-urbanize) take on suburban character; "the city sub-urbanized".

Front 33

Concentric Zone Model

Back 33

1. The Central Business District - the center of the city
2. A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
3. Low-class residential homes; these were later called inner suburbs - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
4. Higher-class residential zone; later called outer suburbs. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
5. Commuter zone

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Edge Cities

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An American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area.

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Megacities

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A mega-city is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.

Front 36

Griffin-Ford Model

Back 36

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.

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Shantytowns

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A city district inhabited by people living in huts and shanties.

Front 38

Dis-amenity Sector

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The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to the regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

Front 39

McGee Model

Back 39

Developed by geographer T.G. McGhee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among medium sized cities of Southeast Asia. Its focal point is the old colonial port zone. The model also does not find any CBD in asia, but rather he found elements of the CBD present as separate clusters surrounding the port zone.

Front 40

Zoning Laws

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The regulation of the use of real property by local government, restricts a particular territory to residential, commercial, industrial, or other uses.

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Redlining

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A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. Today, it is officially illegal.

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Blockbusting

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Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of property.

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Commercialization

Back 43

The process or cycle of introducing a new product or production method into the market. The actual launch of a new product is the final stage of new product development, and the one where the most money will have to be spent for advertising, sales promotion, and other marketing efforts. Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing or business development. The Commercialization process has three ke

Front 44

Gentrification

Back 44

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned housing of low-income inner-city residents.

Front 45

Teardowns

Back 45

Homes in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes called McMansions.

Front 46

McMansions

Back 46

A pejorative for a type of large, new luxury house which is judged to be incongruous for its neighborhood.

Front 47

Urban Sprawl

Back 47

A multifaceted concept centered around the expansion of auto-oriented, low-density development.

Front 48

New Urbanism

Back 48

An urban design movement which promotes walk-able neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types.

Front 49

Gated Communities

Back 49

Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests

Front 50

Informal Economy

Back 50

That part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by any form of government, or included in any gross national product (GNP), unlike the formal economy.

Front 51

World City

Back 51

A city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system.