Ap Human Geography 9

Front 1

development

Back 1

process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

Front 2

more developed country (MDC)

Back 2

A country that is more developed in terms of industry/economy and standard of living

Front 3

less developed country (LDC)

Back 3

a country that is less developed in terms of industry/economy and standard of living

Front 4

north-south split

Back 4

division of the world between MDCs and LDCs along the 30 degrees latitude line

Front 5

human development index (HDI)

Back 5

recognizes a country's level of development due to 3 factors:
economic
social
demographic

Front 6

One of the 9 (2) major regions according to development (Western Hemisphere)

Back 6

Anglo-America
-Canada
-USA
Latin America

Front 7

One of the 9 (2) major regions according to development (Europe)

Back 7

Western Europe
Eastern Europe

*note: the difference is mainly the political experiences each side has experienced*

Front 8

One of the 9 (4) major cultural regions (Asia)

Back 8

East Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Southwest Asia

Front 9

Area combined with Southwest Asia to form a new region (1)

*also one of the 9 (1) major regions*

Back 9

North Africa
-forms Middle East region

Front 10

One of the 2 other important regions

Back 10

Japan
-demographic characteristics contrast sharply with other East Asia countries
South Pacific
-primarily Australia and New Zealand, but is much less populous

Front 11

One of the 3 more developed major cultural regions

Back 11

Anglo-America
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
plus Japan

Front 12

One of the 6 less developed major cultural regions

Back 12

Latin America
Southeast Asia
Middle East
East Asia
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa

Front 13

gross domestic product (GDP)

Back 13

value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year
-economic indicator of development

Front 14

primary sector

Back 14

jobs that directly extract materials from the Earth through agriculture, sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry

Front 15

secondary sector

Back 15

jobs that include manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products

also take maufactured goods and fabricate them into ffinished consumer goods

Front 16

tertiary sector

Back 16

jobs that involve the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment
-retailing
-banking
-law
-education
-government

Front 17

productivity

Back 17

value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

Front 18

value added

Back 18

(manufacturing)
gross value of the product - the costs of raw materials and energy

Front 19

3 indicators of a high standard of living

Back 19

-cars
-TVs
-telephones
*accesible to everyone in MDCs and are vital to the economy's health*

Front 20

literacy rate

Back 20

% of a country's people who can read and write
-exceeds 95% in MDCs
-usually less than 1/3 in LDCs
-a social indicator of development

Front 21

Name one of the two fundamental obstacles in trying to encourage rapid development in LDCs

Back 21

-adopting policies that successfully promote development
-finding funds to pay for development

Front 22

One of 4 demographic indicators of development

Back 22

-life expectancy
-infant mortality rate (IMR)
-natural increase rate (NIR)
-crude birth rate

Front 23

the first element of Rostow's Development Model

Back 23

1) Traditional Society
-a country that hasn't started development yet
-high % of people in agriculture
-high % of wealth in "nonproductive" activities like military and religion

Front 24

the second element of Rostow's Development Model

Back 24

2) Preconditions for takeoff
-developemtn begins when an elite group initiates innovative economic activities
-country starts to invest in nnew technology and infrastructure

Front 25

the third element of Rostow's Development Model

Back 25

3) the Takeoff
-rapid growth generated in a limited # of economic activities
-these achieve technological advances and become productive

Front 26

the fourth element of Rostow's Development Model

Back 26

4) the Drive to Maturity
-modern technology diffueses to a wide variety of industries => experience rapid growth
-workers become more skilled and specialized

Front 27

the fifth element of Rostow's Development Model

Back 27

5) the Age of Mass Consumption
-economy shifts from production of heavy industry (steel, cars, energy) to cconsumer goods (vehicles, refrigerators)

Front 28

The Four Asian Dragons (and why they are named so)
(an international trade alternative)

Back 28

South Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
Hong Kong

*no natural resources + low labor costs + concentraion on only a handful of manufactured goods = ability to sell products inexpensively

Front 29

Self-sufficiency approach

Back 29

-country spreads investment equally across the economy
-isolating the LDC from the rest of the world (and the larger int'l corporations) to nurse small businesses

Front 30

3 barriers of the self-sufficiency approach

Back 30

-high taxes on imported goods
-fixed quotas to limit the quantity of imported goods
-requiring licenses to restrict the # of legal importers
-also restrics local businesses from exporting

Front 31

Problems with the self-sufficiency alternative

Back 31

-inefficiency: gives little incentive to increase production or improve quality
-large bureaucracy
(is needed to control the economy) => encourages abuse and corruption

Front 32

Problem 1 with the Internation Trade Alternative

Back 32

1) Uneven Resource Distribution
2) Market Stagnation
-countries that depend on selling low-cost manufactured goods being hurt by slowing world market for many products
3) Increased Dependence on MDCs
-depending solely on $ gained ffrom exporting to MDCs

Front 33

loan

Back 33

borrowed money
-used by LDCs to build new infrastructure (hydroexectric dams, water supplies, hotels, roads, etc.)

Front 34

transnational corporations

Back 34

a corporation that operates in countries other than where its HQ are