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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Affirmative Action
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A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.
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Busing
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In the context of civil rights, the transportation of public school students from areas where they live to schools in other areas to eliminate school segregation based on residential patterns.
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Civil Disobedience
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A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.
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Civil law
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The law regulating conduct between private persons over noncriminal matters. Under civil law, the government provides the forum for the settlement of disputes between private parties in such matters as contracts, domestic relations, and business interactions.
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Civil Rights
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Generally, all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law.
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Common Law
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Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and thus gradually became common to the nation.
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Criminal Law
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The law that defines crimes and provides punishment for violations. In criminal cases, the government is the prosecutor because crimes are violations of the public order.
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De Facto Segregation
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Racial segregation that occurs because of past social and economic conditions and residential racial patterns.
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De Jure Segregation
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Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.
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Feminism
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The movement that supports political, economic, and social equality for women.
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Gender Discrimination
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Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender.
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Grandfather Clause
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A device used by southern states to disenfranchise African Americans. It restricted voting to those whose grandfathers had voted before 1867.
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Literacy Test
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A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.
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Mandatory Retirement
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Forced retirement when a person reaches a certain age.
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Poll Tax
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A special tax that must be paid as a qualification for voting. The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed the poll tax in national elections, and in 1966 the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in all elections.
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Reverse Discrimination
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The charge that an affirmative action program discriminates against those who do not have minority status.
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Separate-but-Equal Doctrine
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The doctrine holding that separate-but-equal facilities do not violate the equal protection clause.
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Sexual Harassment
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Unwanted physical or verbal conduct or abuse of s sexual nature that interferes with a recipient's job performance, creates a hostile work environment, or carries with it an implicit or explicit threat of adverse employment consequences.
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Subpoena
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A legal writ requiring a person's appearance in court to give testimony.
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Suffrage
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The right to vote; the franchise.
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White Primary
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A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed in 1944
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Majority
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Full age; the age at which a person is entitled by law to the right to manage his or her own affairs and to the full enjoyment of civil rights
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Necessaries
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In contract law, necessaries include whatever is reasonably necessary for suitable subsistence as measured by age, state, condition in life, and so on
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