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360 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A substance made of only one type of atom is called a(n) _____________.
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Element
|
|
Name the element represented by each chemical symbol:
Fe Na P |
Fe = Iron
Na = Sodium P = Phosphorus |
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The most abundant compound in the human body is___________.
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Water
|
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What three things are needed for a balanced chemical state of the body?
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Acids, bases, and buffers.
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What are the three regulatory systems of the body that control shifts in the pH of body fluids?
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Buffer, respiratory and renal systems.
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A ________ is regarded as a "chemical sponge".
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Buffer
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The smallest part of an *element* that still retains the properties of that element is a(n) ____________.
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Atom
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The kind of change that produces a new substance is a __________ change.
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Chemical
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The _________ is considered the basic unit of life.
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Cell
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What is the neutral pH?
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7
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An increase in __________ ions makes a solution more acidic.
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Hydrogen (H+)
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What is the substance of all living material?
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Protoplasm
Proto = original plasm = sunstance |
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Which organelle functions as the "protein factories" in the cell?
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Ribosomes
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Which organelle surrounds the cell and is semipermeable?
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Cell membrane
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Which organelle is the "mini circulatory system" of the cell that is a complex tunnel system?
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Which organelle is the "packaging plant" of the cell that packages the substance and is exported from the cell?
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Golgi apparatus
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Which organelle is the "housekeeper" of the cell, releasing enzymes that destroy foreign material within the cell?
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Lysosome
(think Lysol) |
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Which organelle acts as the "power plant" of the cell that is sausage shaped and where ATP (energy) is stored?
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Mitochondria
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The tiny, hair-like projections on the surface of the cell that aids in movement are ________.
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Cilia and flagella
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The "control center" of a cell; also the largest organelle that has a nuclear membrane, is semi-permeable, and where chromosomes are stored is _______.
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Nucleus
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The organelle that is the specialized region where RNA and ribosomes are temporarily stored is the _________.
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Nucleolus
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Is the elbow considered proximal or distal to the shoulder?
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Distal
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Three types of muscle tissues are:
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1. Smooth
2. Skeletal 3. Cardiac |
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What part of the body is the thorax referring to?
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Chest
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Blood is what kind of tissue?
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Connective
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What kind of membrane lines all passageways to the A) outside of the body? B) closed structures of the body?
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A)Mucous
B)Serous |
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Standing erect, arms at sides, palms facing forward and feet slightly apart means the patient is in ____________.
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Anatomical position
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Organize the following terms from the smallest to largest:
tissues, organs, cells, molecules, organisms |
molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms
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Which of the following is not an abdominal region?
right iliac, hypogastric, deltoid, epigastric, umbilical, left hypochondriac |
deltoid
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Which organ system allows you to grin, frown, run and carry books?
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Muscular system
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Which organ system breaks down ingested food into its building blocks?
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Digestive system
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Which organ system rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes and regulates the composition of blood?
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Urinary system
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The balanced chemical state of the body is called ___________.
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Homeostasis
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The two fluid compartments of the body are:
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1. Intracellular
2. Extracellular |
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Groups of cells with similar structure and functions are __________.
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Tissues
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Name the four tissue types.
1) E--- 2) C--- 3) N--- 4) M--- |
1) Epithelial
2) Connective 3) Nervous 4) Muscle |
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The body is divided into two large cavities. They are:
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Dorsal and Ventral cavities
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Which body quadrant houses the appendix?
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Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
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What is the name of the plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
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Transverse
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The largest group of pathogens?
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Bacteria
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The smallest infectious agents that can't reproduce unless taken over by a living cell are called ___________.
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Viruses
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What is one of the bodies natural defense mechanisms against viral infections?
|
Interferon
|
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What are the 6 classes of microorganisms?
1) P-- 2) F-- (including mold and yeast) 3) B-- 4) V-- 5) R-- 6) M-- |
1) Protozoa
2) Fungi 3) Bacteria 4) Viruses 5) Rickettsiae 6) Metazoa |
|
What pH does bacteria grow best at?
|
Neutral to slightly alkaline
|
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The average generation time for most bacteria is __________.
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30 minutes
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A structure in bacteria that is resistant to drying, boiling, and most chemicals is a ____________.
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Spore
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What is a poisonous substance produced by some forms of bacteria?
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Toxin
|
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Which classification do helminths come under?
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Metazoa
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Organisms that live within, upon, or at the expense of another living organism are called ________.
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Parasites
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An infection confined to one spot is referred to as a ___________ infection.
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Local
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A _______ infection is inactive or hidden and may show symptoms at a later date.
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Latent
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Heat is applied to an area of infection to _______ blood vessels and _______ blood supply to the area so healing can occur.
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Dilate; Increase
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The period of time between entrance of an organism to the body and the actual onset of symptoms is known as the ______________ stage.
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Incubation
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To stimulate the body's production of antibodies, it is necessary to introduce an ________.
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Antigen
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A person who has recovered from a disease, but continues to shed the pathogen is called a ______.
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Carrier
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A __________ infection is one which has been acquired in a hospital or other institution.
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Nosocomial
|
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What is the difference between an acute and chronic infection?
|
Acute = short, severe course
Chronic = Slow, over a period of time; can recur |
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An infection that has spread throughout the body from an initial site is called a __________ infection.
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Systemic
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The type of immunity which is obtained when an individual receives a tetanus shot is called _____ ________ _______ immunity.
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Specific artificial active (immunity)
|
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What are the three layers of the skin?
|
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (SubQ)
|
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Which glands are called the *oil* producing glands?
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Sebaceous glands
|
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What substance provides the skin with its pigmentation?
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Melanin
|
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Cerumen (ear wax) is produced from which glands? Where is it found?
|
Ceruminous glands; external ear
|
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The vitamin produced through the skin when exposed to sunlight is vitamin ____.
|
D
|
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Which layer of skin is actually referred to as the "true skin"?
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Dermis
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The term ________ refers to redness of the skin
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Erythema
|
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Nerve endings are located in which layer of the skin?
|
Dermis
(and I have tendonitis from making these cards lol) |
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The ends of the fingers and toes are protected from injury by an appendage of the skin known as the ________.
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Nails
|
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What substance provides energy for muscle contraction and is also stored in the muscle tissue?
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ATP
|
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The less movable end of a muscle is the ______.
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Origin
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The more movable end of a muscle is ________.
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Insertion
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The middle part of a muscle is called the ______.
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Body
|
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Which system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood?
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Respiratory system
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Which system forms a framework with the movable joints that are moved by muscles?
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Skeletal System
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Which system transmits impulses to skeletal muscles to bring about contractions?
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Nervous system
|
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Which system transports oxygen to muscles and takes carbon dioxide away?
|
Circulatory system
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Antagonistic muscles have _________ functions.
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Opposing
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Muscles are attached to bones by the structures called ________.
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Tendons
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Muscle tone is the state of _______ ________ that is usually present in healthy muscles.
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Partial contraction
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The neuromuscular junction is the junction of a _________ and a ________.
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Nerve and muscle
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What Elyte is essential for muscle contraction?
|
Calcium (Ca)
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A sustained muscle contraction is called _____.
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Tetanic (tetany)
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the muscle action which bends a body part on itself is called ______.
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Flexion
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The muscle action which takes a part away from the body is called __________.
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Abduction
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The large muscle of the anterior thigh made up of 4 divisions is called the _______ ______.
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Quadriceps femoris
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The cells responsible for bone growth are called ___________.
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Osteoblasts
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The exterior covering of bones, except in joints is called __________.
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Periosteum
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Bones are attached to other bones by structures called ___________.
|
Ligaments
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Bones contain ______ and ________ marrow.
Which type of marrow is made up largely of fatty tissue? |
Yellow and red
Yellow |
|
What are the five classifications of bones?
1) L-- 2) S-- 3) F-- 4) I-- 5) F-- |
1) Long
2) Short 3) Flat 4) Irregular 5) Floating |
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The process of bone replacement of another tissue is called ___________.
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Ossification
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At birth, growth of the long bones is not complete. In these bones, what is the site in which growth will continue?
|
Epiphysis
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What are the four substances necessary for healthy bone development?
1) Ca = 2) P = 3) F = 4) Vitamin ____ |
1) Calcium
2) Phosphorus 3) Flouride 4) Vitamin D |
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Name the two divisions of the human skeleton
|
Axial and Apendicular
|
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What part of the skeleton protects the brain and spinal cord?
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Cranium & Vertebral column
|
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Which part of the skeleton protects the heart, lungs, spleen and liver from mechanical injury?
|
thoracic cage
|
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What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?
|
Femur
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What are the three bones of the middle ear?
1) M-- 2) I-- 3) S-- |
1) Malleus
2) Incus 3) Stapes |
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The lines of the skull are appropriately called _______.
|
Suture lines
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Which type of joint is a freely movable joint?
|
Diarthrosis
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What type of joint is found between the pelvis and the femur?
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Ball & Socket
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What type of joint is found between the two pubic bones?
|
Amphiarthrosis
|
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the study of the digestive system is called _____________.
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Gastroenterology
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Another name for the gastrointestinal tract is the __________ canal.
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Alimentary
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Name the three accessory organs of the digestive system.
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Pancreas, liver and gallbladder
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Baby teeth are also known as ________ teeth. There are about _____ (#) of these.
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Deciduous; 20
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The second set of teeth are called _______ teeth and there are usually ____ (#) of these.
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Permanent; 32
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The hardest surface of the tooth is called the ________.
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Enamel
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What are the two types of digestion?
|
Chemical and mechanical
|
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Name the three sets of salivary glands.
1) P-- 2) Subm-- 3) Subl-- |
1) Parotid
2) Submandibular 3) Sublingual |
|
The tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach which carries food is called the ________.
|
Esophagus
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The ring-like muscles which allow food to enter the stomach also to leave the stomach after partial digestion are called the _____ and ______ sphincter, respectively.
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Cardiac; Pyloric
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______ are the folds in the stomach which allow for distention of the stomach when it's full.
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Rugae
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The _____ is the largest internal organ of the body and is located on the _____ side of the body.
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Liver; right
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An important substance manufactured by the liver and stored in the _______ is responsible for the digestion of fats.
|
Gallbladder
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Bile leaves the *liver* through the _______ duct, which joins the _______ duct of the gall*bladder* to form the ______ ______ duct, which caries bile to the ____________ of the small intestine. *whew*
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Hepatic; cystic; common bile; duodenum
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The pancreas is located in the upper abdominal cavity between the _________ (liver) and the _______.
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Duodenum; spleen
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Wave-like contractions that move food along the digestive tract is called __________.
|
Parastalsis
|
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The majority of digestion occurs in the ______ ____________.
|
Small intestine
|
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What are the three sections of the small intestine?
1) D-- 2) J-- 3) I-- |
1)Duodenum
2) Jejunum 3) Ileum |
|
the structures that increase the surface are of the *small intestine* for absorpbtion are called _______.
|
Villi
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The absorption of vitamin ____ requires the _________ factor produced by the stomach lining.
|
B-12; intrinsic
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Blood from the capillary networks in the small intestine travels through the portal vein to the ________ before returning to the heart
|
Liver
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The large intestine is also called the _____.
|
Colon
|
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the section of the large intestine that the appendix is attached to is the ______ and is the ______ section of the large intestine.
|
Cecum; first
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The colon functions to absorb ___________, __________, and _______ ________ and for the elimination of __________.
|
Water; Vitamins; mineral salts; waste
|
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Which vitamin is synthesized in the colon and aids in blood clotting?
|
Vitamin K
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The stimulus for defecation is stretching of the __________ as parastalsis of the colon pushes feces into it.
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Rectum
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Voluntary control of defecation is provided by the _________ ____________, which contracts to close the anus.
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External sphincter
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Transportation of the blood carries ____ from the lungs to tissues, and ______ from tissues to lungs.
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Oxygen; Carbon dioxide
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Regulation of the blood maintains ______/______ balance and _______
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Acid/base; temperature
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Protection of the blood incudes fighting __________.
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Infection
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the amount of blood within the body varies with size of the person; this amount is in the range of __.__ liters.
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5.6
|
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The pH range of blood is slightly ______.
|
Alkaline
|
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the oxygen carrying protein of RBC's is _________.
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Hemoglobin
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The mineral needed for chemical clotting is __________.
|
Calcium
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The protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries is __________.
|
Albumin
|
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Name the 5 types of WBC's
1) N---phils 2) E--phils 3) B--phils 4) L--cytes 5) M--cytes |
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils 3) Basophils 4) Lymphocytes 5) Monocytes |
|
Which two types of WBC's are agranulocytes?
|
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
|
|
WBC's function mainly to ______ ________.
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Destroy pathogens
|
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__________ are also called thrombocytes and are most important in blood clotting.
|
Platelets
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The stimulus for the formation of a blood clot is a __________ platelet
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Ruptured
|
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The common blood type is ___, with a ____ Rh factor.
|
O; positive (+)
|
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What type blood is the universal donor?
|
O negative
|
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What type blood is the universal recipient?
|
AB Positive
|
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The normal value of RBC's is?
|
4,500,000- 5,000,000
|
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The normal value for WBC's is?
|
5,000-10,000
|
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The normal value for Hgb (hemoglobin) is what percentage?
|
12-18%
|
|
The normal value for Hct (hematocrit) is what percentage?
|
38-50%
|
|
the normal value for platelets is?
|
200,000 - 400,000
|
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The life span of RBC's is ______ days while the lifespan of WBC's is ___________.
|
120; hours - a lifetime
|
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The major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ______ in the blood.
|
Oxygen
|
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The heart is about the size of a ______ ______ and is located in an area between the lungs known as the ___________.
|
Man's fist; mediastinum
|
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What are the 3 layers of the heart?
1) P-- 2) M-- 3) E-- |
1) Pericardium
2) Myocardium 3) Endocardium |
|
What layer of the heart is the muscle layer?
|
Myocardium
|
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Which layer of the heart makes up the valces and inner lining of the heart?
|
Endocardium
|
|
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
1) R.A. 2) R.V. 3) L.A. 4) L.V. |
1) Right Atrium
2) Right Ventricle 3) Left Atrium 4) Left Ventricle |
|
What is the dividing wall of the heart called?
|
Septum
|
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Which chamber receives venous blood returning from all areas of the body?
|
Right Atrium
|
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What is the semi-lunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta?
|
Aortic valve
|
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Normal heart sounds are described as _____ and _____ and are related to the _______ and _________ of the valves.
|
lubb; dupp; opening; closing
|
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Oxygen enriched blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein empties into the________ ________.
|
Left atrium
|
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The ________ valve, also called the bicuspid valve, prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium.
|
Mitral
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Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body and is known as the thickest walled chamber of the heart?
|
Left ventricle
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The largest artery of the body is the ________.
|
Aorta
|
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The heart muscle receives the richest supply of the blood via the _________ arteries.
|
Coronary
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The smallest arteries are called __________.
|
Arterioles
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The smallest veins are called __________.
|
Venules
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Arterioles and venules are connected by _________ which are one cell layer thick.
|
Capillaries
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The ________ have one-way valves, which control the flow of blood back to the heart.
|
Veins
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The pacemaker of the heart is the ___ _____.
|
SA node
|
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What parts of the electrical system stimulates the ventricles to contract?
1) P-- fibers 2) ___ node 3) Bundle of ____ |
1) Purkinje fibers
2) AV node 3) Bundle of His |
|
the cardiac cycle is the term for the sequence of events in one __________.
|
Complete heartbeat
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The cardiac centers are located in the ________ of the brain.
|
Medulla
|
|
the outermost of the pericardial membranes is the ___________ _____________
|
Parietal pericardium
|
|
What are the 4 tissues of the lymphatic system within the circulatory system?
1) S-- 2) T-- 3) L-- 4) T-- |
1) Spleen
2) Tonsils 3) Lymphatics 4) Thymus |
|
The spleen is not _______ for life.
|
Essential
|
|
The thymus gland, which is not usually visible after puberty, is thought to produce __ ____ which are important in the immune response of the body.
|
T cells
|
|
Which vein is usually used for coronary artery bypass grafts?
|
Saphenous
|
|
Which two directions of blood flow are there?
|
Systole and Diastole
|
|
The exchange of gases between the living organism and its environment is called ________.
|
Respiration
|
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__________ respiration is when the diaphragm and intercostals contract, causing the lungs to inflate.
|
Active respiration
|
|
__________ respiration is when the diaphragm and intercostals relax, causing the lungs to be compressed.
|
Inactive respiration
|
|
The working unit of the respiratory system is the ___________.
|
Alveoli
|
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The area at which the bronchi enter the lungs is the ______.
|
Hilum or hilus
|
|
Which bronchus is more vertical than the other?
|
Right bronchus
|
|
The structure in the trachea which prevents food from entering the respiratory tract is called the _______.
|
Epiglottis
|
|
The membrane that covers the lungs is the _________.
|
Pleura
|
|
Pleura is considered a __________ membrane.
|
Serous
|
|
The lungs lie in the _________ cavity and are protected by the ________.
|
Thoracic; ribs
|
|
The space between the lungs is called the __________.
|
Mediastinum
|
|
Surfactant prevents the alveoli from ________.
|
Collapsing
|
|
the respiratory centers are located in the brain, in the __________ and _______.
|
Medulla; pons
|
|
The nerve that controls the diaphragm is the _______ nerve.
|
Phrenic
|
|
the two respiratory gases are ______ and _____ _______.
|
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
|
|
A deep breath requires a more forceful ___________ of muscles, which in turn would bring about greater expansion of the _______.
|
Contraction; lungs
|
|
The normal rate of respirations ranges from _____ to _____/minute
|
12-20
|
|
Two mechanisms the body has to remove irritating/foreign materials from the respiratory system are the _______ and the ________.
|
Cough; sneeze
|
|
The respiratory tract is lined with _______ membrane.
|
Mucous
|
|
The trachea is kept open by __-shaped rings numbered ___-____.
|
C; 15-20
|
|
Which lung has 3 lobes?
|
Right
|
|
The CNS consists of the ______ and ______ _______.
|
Brain; spinal cord
|
|
The PNS consists of the __________ nerves and the __________ nerves.
|
Cranial; spinal
|
|
The ANS is part of the ______.
|
PNS
|
|
The term that means "nerve cell" is ________.
|
Neuron
|
|
A deep breath requires a more forceful ___________ of muscles, which in turn would bring about greater expansion of the _______.
|
Contraction; lungs
|
|
The normal rate of respirations ranges from _____ to _____/minute
|
12-20
|
|
Two mechanisms the body has to remove irritating/foreign materials from the respiratory system are the _______ and the ________.
|
Cough; sneeze
|
|
The respiratory tract is lined with _______ membrane.
|
Mucous
|
|
The trachea is kept open by __-shaped rings numbered ___-____.
|
C; 15-20
|
|
Which lung has 3 lobes?
|
Right
|
|
The CNS consists of the ______ and ______ _______.
|
Brain; spinal cord
|
|
The PNS consists of the __________ nerves and the __________ nerves.
|
Cranial; spinal
|
|
The ANS is part of the ______.
|
PNS
|
|
The term that means "nerve cell" is ________.
|
Neuron
|
|
What are the 3 major parts of a neuron?
1) C-- B-- 2) D-- 3) A-- |
1) Cell body
2) Dendrites 3) Axons |
|
_______ carries impulses *away* from the cell body
|
Axons
|
|
____ _____ contains the nucleus of the neuron.
|
Cell body
|
|
______ carries impulses toward the cell body.
|
Dendrites
|
|
The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the cell body of the next neuron is called the __________.
|
Synapse
|
|
the myelin sheath functions to speed impulse ________ and ________.
|
Conduction; insulate
|
|
The neurilemma permits ________ of damaged axons of the PNS.
|
Regeneration
|
|
The most common neurotransmitter is __________ and it is released by synaptic knobs in order to carry nerve ______.
|
Acetylcholine; impulses
|
|
A reflex arc is the __________ form of a neural response.
|
Simplest
|
|
What Elyte is important in nerve transmission?
|
Calcium
|
|
What vitamin is necessary for healthy nerve function?
|
B
|
|
The gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres is called the ________ ________, and is made of the ______ bodies of the neurons.
|
Cerebral cortex; cell
|
|
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
1) F-- 2) P-- 3) T-- 4)O-- |
1) Frontal
2) Parietal 3) Temporal 4) Occipital |
|
The tunnel through the midbrain called the ________ __________ connets the third to the fourth ventricle.
|
Cerebral aquaduct
|
|
The coverings of the brain and spinal cord are called the __________.
|
Meninges
|
|
What are the three layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?
1) D-- M-- 2) A-- S-- 3) P-- M-- |
1) Dura Mater
2) Arachnoid Space 3) Pia Mater |
|
CSF is stored in the _______ of the brain and found in the __________ space around the spinal cord.
|
Ventricles; Subarachnoid
|
|
CSF acts as a ______ absorber and provides __________.
|
Shock; nutrients
|
|
There are _____ cranial nerves and _______ pair of spinal nerves.
|
12; 31
|
|
Vision = __________ CN
|
Optic
|
|
Hearing = ___________ CN
|
Vestibulocochlear
|
|
Taste = ________ and __________ CN
|
Facial and glossopharyngeal
|
|
Smell = ___________ CN
|
Olfactory
|
|
Equilibrium = ____________ CN
|
Vestibulocochlear
|
|
Secretion of saliva = __________ and ___________ CN
|
Facial and glossopharyngeal
|
|
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
|
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
|
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Which ANS division dominates in ER situations?
|
Sympathetic
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What are the 5 special senses?
1) T-- 2) B-- 3) S-- 4) H-- 5) S-- |
1) Taste
2) Balance 3) Sight 4) Hearing 5) Smell |
|
Which part of the eye contains the receptors for the sense of vision?
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Retina
|
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The receptors for hearing and equilibrium are located in the ________ ________.
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Inner ear
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Bacterial growth on the front of the eyeball is inhibited by __________ (enzyme).
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Lysozyme
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The shape of the lens of the eye is changed by the ________ ________.
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Ciliary body
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|
the receptors that detect movement of the body are located in the _____________ ___________.
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Semicircular canals
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Visual receptors that detect color are __________.
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Cones
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Keeping dust off the front of the eyeball is a function of the _______, ________, and _______.
|
Tears, eyelids, and eyelashes
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|
What are the 3 layers of the eye, from outer to inner?
1) S-- 2) C-- 3) R-- |
1) Sclera
2) Choroid 3) Retina |
|
__________ humor is found in the anterior cavity of the eye.
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Aqueous
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|
________ humor is found in the posterior cavity of the eye.
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Vitreous
|
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An infection which spreads from the throat through the eustachian tube affects the ________ ear.
|
Middle
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The __________ nerve tires quickly and becomes insensitive after detecting the same odor for a period of time.
|
Olfactory
|
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When an image is focused in front of the retina, this is called ________.
|
Myopia
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The outermost part of the ear which functions to gather sound waves and direct them inward is called the ______.
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Pinna
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The secretion produced by the glands in the ear canal is called ___________.
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Cerumen
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__________ is opaqueness of the lens of the eye, causing cloudy vision.
|
Cataracts
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A type of deafness that is a result of any condition which blocks sound from the inner ear is __________ deafness.
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Conduction
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What is the condition that is a result of abnormally high intraocular pressure caused by excess fluid in the eye?
|
Glaucoma
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|
What are the major organs of the urinary system?
1) K-- 2) B-- 3) B-- V-- 4) U-- 5) U-- |
1) Kidneys
2) Bladder 3) Blood Vessels 4) Ureters 5) Urethra |
|
the kidneys from urine from blood plasma and excrete ____________ waste, such as urea.
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Nitrogenous
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The kidneys regulate the pH of the blood by excreting or conserving ions such as ________ and ___________.
|
Sodium; potassium
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|
The kidneys are located on either side of the ______ column in the upper abdominal cavity, _______ the peritoneum.
|
Spinal; behind
|
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Surrounding the kidney is ______ tissue that acts as a cushion.
|
Adipose
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The _______ is the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the adipose tissue and helps hold the kidneys in place.
|
Capsule
|
|
The functional units of the kidneys are ______.
|
Nephrons
|
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Each nephron consists of the ___________ and the ___________'s ___________.
|
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
|
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Blood enters the glomerulus from an __________ arteriole and leaves the glomerulus by way of an ___________ arteriole.
|
afferent; efferent
|
|
the fluid that enters the Bowman's capsule from the glomerulus is called ________ filtrate.
|
Renal
|
|
The blood vessels that surround all the parts of a renal tubule are called the ________________ capillaries, and carry blood that has come from an __________ arteriole.
|
Peritubular; efferent
|
|
The renal artery is a branch of the ______ (artery).
|
Aorta
|
|
The renal vein takes blood to the ____________.
|
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
|
|
In glomerular filtration, blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances, and small proteins out of the _____________ and into the ________'s __________.
|
Glomerulus; Bowman's capsule
|
|
The components of blood that remain in the blood of the peritubular capillaries are ______, ______, and ________ because they are too _____ to be forced out of the glomerulus.
|
RBC's, WBC's, and proteins; large
|
|
If blood flow through the kidneys decreases, the GFR will _________.
|
decrease
|
|
If the blood flow through the kidneys increases, the GFR will ___________.
|
Increase
|
|
How much of the renal filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood? (percentage)
|
99%
|
|
If the blood glucose level is normal, ______ of the glucose present in the filtrate will be reabsorbed.
|
All
|
|
the kidneys secrete the enzyme renin when the blood pressure ____________.
|
Decreases
|
|
The kidneys secrete the hormone _______________ when the body is in a state of hypoxia, which means there is a lack of ________ in the tissue.
|
Erythropoietin; oxygen
|
|
Erythropoietin stimultes bone ________ to increase the rate of production of __________'s to increase the oxygen-carrying capactiy of the blood.
|
Marrow; RBC's
|
|
The two ureters are located ________ the peritoneum of the dorsal abdominal cavity. Each extends from the _______ of a kidney to the ____________ side of the bladder.
|
Behind; hilum; posterior
|
|
____________ of the ureter propels urine to the bladder.
|
Peristalsis
|
|
The urinary bladder is located behind the _____ bones. In men, the bladder is superior to the ________ gland. In women, the bladder is inferior to the _______.
|
Pubic; prostate; uterus
|
|
The functions of the urinary bladder are to serve as a ______ for accumulating urine and contract to ________ urine.
|
Reservoir; eliminate
|
|
When the bladder is empty, the mucosa has folds called __________.
|
Rugae
|
|
The urethra carries urine from the ___________ to the __________.
|
Bladder; outside
|
|
In women, the urethra is __________ to the vagina.
|
Anterior
|
|
In men, the urethra extends through the ________ gland and the ________ carries ______ as well as urine.
|
Prostate; penis; sperm
|
|
The normal range of urinary output in 24 hours is ________-______ mL.
|
1000-1500 mL
|
|
Urine is usually ______ (clear or cloudy)
|
Clear
|
|
Urine with a specified gravity of 1.023 is more _____________ (dilute, concentrated) than urine with a specific gravity of 1.015
|
Concentrated
|
|
The average pH of urine is ____, but a pH range of _____ to ______ is considered normal.
|
6; 4.8-8.0
|
|
Ranal calculi is also known as ________.
|
Stones
|
|
Urea is a nitrogenous waste that comes from the metabolism of ________.
|
Protein
|
|
The secretions of endocrine glands are called ________, which enter capillaries and circulate in the ________.
|
Hormones; blood
|
|
The organ on which the above secretions exert their specific effects are calls its _______ organ.
|
Target
|
|
Hormones are classified in two major groups based on their chemical structure. These groups are _______ and _______.
|
Steroids and proteins
|
|
The pituitary gland is enclosed and protected by the ______ bone.
|
Sphenoid
|
|
The pineal and pituitary gland are in the __________ *cavity*
|
Cranial
|
|
The thyroid gland is on the anterior side of the trachea, just below the ___________.
|
Larynx
|
|
The parathyroids are located on the posterior sides of the lobes of the __________.
|
Thyroid
|
|
The pancreas is located in the upper abdominal cavity between the _____ and the ________
|
Liver and spleen
|
|
The adrenal glands are located on top of the _______.
|
Kidneys
|
|
the ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity on either side of the ______.
|
Uterus
|
|
The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in the __________.
|
Scrotum
|
|
The two parts of the pituitary gland are the __________ and the __________.
|
Anterior and Posterior
|
|
The posterior pituitary gland stores two hormones, that are actually produced by the _____________.
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
The function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is to _________ reabsorption of ___ by the kidneys.
|
Increase; water
|
|
The target organs for oxytocin are the ________ and ________.
|
Uterus; breasts
|
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _____________ and ____________.
|
Calcitonin and thyroxine
|
|
FSH stimulates the development of the ________ in the ovarian follicles and increases the secretion of the hormone ________ by the follicle cells.
|
Ovum (Ova, egg); estrogen
|
|
Both FSH and LH have their effects on the ovaries or testes and may therefore be called ____________ hormones.
|
Gonadotropin
|
|
The mineral necessary for the manufacture of T3 is ___________.
|
Iodine
|
|
Cacitonin decreases the reabsorption of ________ from bones.
|
Calcium
|
|
Parathormone is secreted by the ______________ and increases the reabsorption of __________ from bones to the blood.
|
Parathyroid; calcium
|
|
___________ causes the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose to be used for energy production.
|
Glucagon
|
|
Insulin enables other body cells to take in _____ from the blood to use for energy production.
|
Glucose
|
|
The two parts of the adrenal gland are the _______ and __________.
|
Medulla and cortex
|
|
The adrenal _____ secretes a group of hormones called mineralocorticoids, of which _________ is the most important for regulating fluid.
|
Cortex; aldosterone
|
|
The hormones of the adrenal medulla are __________ and ____________.
|
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
Epinephrine ________ heart rate, and ______ the metabolic rate of the intestine.
|
Increase; decrease
|
|
Estrogen promotes maturation of the _____ in an ovarian follicle.
|
Ovum (ova, egg)
|
|
___________ promotes the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, which include the broadening of shoulders, narrow ______, maturation of __________, deeper voice, pubic and axillary hair.
|
Testosterone; hips; sperm
|
|
Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes, which are _______ and __________.
|
Sperm and egg
|
|
When meiosis takes places in the ovaries, the process is called ___________.
|
Oogenesis
|
|
When meiosis takes place in the testes, the process is called ______.
|
Spermatogenesis
|
|
The ovaries produce an egg every ___ days.
|
28
|
|
The testes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity within the ________.
|
Scrotum
|
|
Which hormone is responsible for the production of sperm and secondary sex characteristics?
|
Testosterone
|
|
Each sex cell contains ____ chromosomes.
|
23
|
|
The epididymis is a coiled tube on the _____ side of the testis.
|
Posterior
|
|
The vas deferens carry sperm from the ________ to the ________ duct
|
epididymis; ejaculatory
|
|
The ejaculatory duct receives sperm from the ____ _______ and the secretion of the seminal vesicles empties into the __________.
|
Vas deferens; urethra
|
|
The secretions of the seminal vesicles has an _______ pH to enhance sperm motility and contains _______ to nourish the sperm.
|
Alkaline; fructose
|
|
Sperm is produced in the ______________ tubules.
|
Seminiferous
|
|
the prostate gland surrounds the ________ just below the ___________.
|
Urethra; urinary bladder
|
|
The bulbourethral glands are also called the ________ glands.
|
Cowper's
|
|
the average pH of sperm is ______.
|
7.5
|
|
A __________ _________ is a surgical procedure performed on a female as the most effective form of birth control, in which her fallopian tubes are cut and tied.
|
Tubal ligation
|
|
A __________ is a surgical procedure performed on a male as the most effective form of birth control, in which his vas deferens would be severed.
|
Vasectomy
|
|
the hormone LH causes the ruptured follicle to become the __________ __________, which then begins to secrete the hormone _______ as well as estrogen.
|
Corpus luteus; progesterone
|
|
The fallopian tubes are also called the ______ tubes
|
Uterine
|
|
The body above the uterus is called the _______, and under is _________.
|
Fundus; Cervix
|
|
The smooth muscle layer of the uterus is called the __________.
|
Myometrium
|
|
The lining of the uterus is called the __________.
|
Endometrium
|
|
Which layer is shed during menstruation?
|
Endometrium
|
|
Which hormone stimulates contraction of the myometrium during labor?
|
Oxytocin
|
|
the hormone responsible for the *release* of milk from the mammary glands is ________ from the __________ gland
|
Oxytocin; (posterior) pituitary
|
|
The mentrual cycle requires hormones from the ________ pituitary and ovaries and involves changes in the ______ and the ovary.
|
Anterior; uterus
|
|
What are the 3 phases of the mentrual cycle?
1) M-- 2) P-- 3) S-- |
1) Menstrual
2) Proliferative 3) Secretory |
|
If the ovum is not fertilized, a decrease in the hormone __________ causes the loss of the functional layer of the endometrium, and the cycle begins again with the _______ phase.
|
Progesterone; menstrual
|
|
______ is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes
|
Salpingitis
|
|
Painful or difficult menstruation is called ________.
|
Dysmenorrhea
|
|
The beginning of menstruation is the term ________.
|
Menarche
|
|
the vagina is lined with ______ membrane.
|
Mucous
|
|
Females reach puberty between the ages of ____-____.
|
10-14
|
|
The ovaries are connected to the uterus by ______.
|
Ligaments
|