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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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Study of structures
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Physiology
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Study of functions
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Pathology
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Study of disease
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Cell
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Smallest living part of body
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Homeostasis
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Maintains constant cell environment enables each cell to live
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Tissue
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Collection of cells
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Organs
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Tissues grouped together
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System
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Organs that perform certain functions
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Mitochondria
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Double membrane structures 95% of ATP provided
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Connected to nuclear membrane. Participates in protein and lipid synthesis
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Ribosome
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Manufactures protein, float freely in the cytosol
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Golgi Aparatus
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Packaging center of cell
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Sagital
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Runs from front to back; Right and left parts
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Frontal
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Runs from left to right; front and back parts
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Transverse
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Across the body; top and bottom parts
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Anterior
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Posterioi
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Inferior
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Superior
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Medial
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Lateral
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Distal
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Proximal
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Ventral
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Dorsal
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Respiratory system
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prim function; brings oxygen
sec. function; carbon dioxide to be released |
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Parts of the respiratory system
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Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx,larynx,trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
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Cardiovascular
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prim. function; circulate blood
sec. function; carries waste objects |
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Parts of the cardiovascular system
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Heart, blood, blood vessels
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Skeletal
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prim function; support body
sec function; mineral storage, blood cell formation, protection |
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Parts of the skeletal system
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Bones, bone marrow, joints
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Integumentary
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prim. function; protect from environmental hazards
sec. function; manufacture vit. D, eliminate waste |
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Parts of the Integumentary system
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Skin, hair, glands, nails
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Muscular
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prim. function; movement
sec. function; help move blood |
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Parts of the muscular system
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Muscles, ligaments, tendons
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Endocrine
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prim function; release and transport hormones
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Parts of the endocrine system
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Pituitary , thyroid, adrenal glands
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Lymphatic
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prim. function; defense against infection and disease
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Parts of the lymphatic system
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Lymph nodes, vessels, tissues
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Urinary
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prim. function; eliminates excess salt, water, waste
sec.function; maintains body fluid and ph |
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Parts of the Urinary system
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Kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder
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Digestive
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prim function; breaking down foods
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Parts of the digestive system
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus,stomach,intestines
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Nervous
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prim.function; coordinate activity of all body systems
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Parts of the nervous system
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Stimulus
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Factor that changes the levels of a variable
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Receptor
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Body monitors the variable sends input
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Effector
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Determines change
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Control center
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Sends out messages
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Feedback loop
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Receptors convey change to control center where effectors have to change the situation controlling it,.
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Most feedback loops in the body are positive or negative
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Negative
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Where is the spleen located
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Abdominal quadrant
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Where is the Liver located
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Upper right quadrant
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Where is the appendix located
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Right lower quadrant
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Chemical compound needed for energy
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ATP
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The breakdown of compounds is termed (or digestion)
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Catabolism
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The building of compounds is termed (or synthesis)
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Anabolism
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Process that releases energy
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Anabolism
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Osmosis
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water from region of lower concentrate of solute to higher solute across a semipermeable membrane
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Diffusion
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movement of Ions and molecules from an area of higher concentrate to lower
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Filtration
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water forced across a semipermeable membrane
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Active transport across the cellular membrane happens with this kind of pump
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ION
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Four main types of tissue in the body
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
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Most common tissue in body
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Epithelial
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The diaphragm muscle divides what two body cavities
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Thoracic and abdomen
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Main function of the epithelial tissue
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cover the surface
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Simple epithelium is composed of how many tissues
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one
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Difference between serous and mucous glands
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Serous secrete watery secretion containing enzymes, mucous secret slippery lubricating glycoprotein
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Function of the connective tissue
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Most abundant forms continue network through body
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Fibroblasts
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Repair, responsible for strength and flexibility
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Function of the connective tissue
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Most abundant forms continue network through body
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Platelets
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thrombocytes, prevent blood loss
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Macrophages
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Defense, scavenger cells
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Lymphocytes
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white blood cells defense
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why do tendons and ligaments take longer to heal
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they have no blood supply
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Four types of membrane in the body
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mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
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What do dermal papillae create that are unique in people
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Fingerprints
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The subcutaneous layer of the integumentary system is not really a layer of the skin but divides the dermis from?
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Underlying muscle, bone, and other structures
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List the 5 Cardinal signs of inflammation
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redness, heat, pain, swelling , and loss of function
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Why do we have fingernails and toenails
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Protection
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Inflammation is chronic when lasting more than
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6 weeks
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Lysosomes
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Filled with digestive protein
maufactured in the golgi apparatus |
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What does Microvilli do
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helps absorb substances from extracellular fluid
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Active transport
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Energy used from ATP
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Passive transport
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without the use of energy
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Fluid part of the blood
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Plasma
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Water forced across semipermeable membrane
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Epithelial
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packaged closely together, does not have blood vessels, forms a barrier, bound together by fusion of cell membranes, tight junctions
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Superficial part of the skin
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Epidermis
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Layers of the skin
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Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
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Keratin
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helps protect skin from heat, microrganisms and chemicals.
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As cells manufacture keratohyalin they become flatter, thinner and the cell membrane become thicker and impermeable to water
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Structural changes provide protection against pathogens and are responsible for the impermeability of water
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Importance of Vitamin D
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increases calcium absorption in the intestines and is an improtant hormone in calcium metabolism
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Sweat glands are located where and do what
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In the dermis, they secrete salt and water
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What do the sebacous glands do
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Secrete sebum
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Fluid collected outside cells odf injury site
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Exudate
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Huge colony of organisms that are good
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Normal microbial flora
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Role of the white blood cells
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In inflammation together with changes in the blood vessels they are triggered into action
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Emigration of white blood cells
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Attraction by the chemicals liberated by injured tissue
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Chemotaxis
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Process by which white blood cells are attracted to the tissue
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Phagocytosis
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Destroy cells and other structures they perceive as nonself
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Osteoblasts
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build bone
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Osteoclasts
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reabsorb
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The outside of bone
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Compact
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Inside of bone
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spongy
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Outer layer of bone
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Periosteum
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End of the bone is what
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Epiphysis
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Middle of the bone
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Diaphysis
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What is in the middle of the bone
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red blood marrow
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Name the different types of bones, and where they are
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long-humerus, short-carpals, flat-sternum, irregular-vertebra, sesamoid-patella
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Axial Skeleton
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Skull, Vertebra and Ribs
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Appendicular skeleton
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Outer limbs
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What are the C1 and C2 cervical vertebra
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C1 Atlas, C2 Axis
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What are the spaces between the vertebra
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Intervertebral disks or shock absorbers
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What connects the ribs to the sternum
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Costal cartilidge
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What is another name for joints
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Articulations
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Synarthroses joints are
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not moveable! found where the bones of the skull meet(sutures), jaw and teeth.
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Amphiarthroses joints are
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slightly moveable! found in the tibia & fibula, ulna & radius
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Diarthroses joints are
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freely moveable! seperated by synovial fluid, also known as a synovial joint
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Synovial fluid
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lubricates, distributes nutrients, removes waste, abosorbs shock, defense
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Bursae
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cavities lined by synovial membrane
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Ball and socket joint
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most moveable considered multiaxial(can move in all ways) found in the hip and shoulder
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Hinge joint
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movement in one plane, found in the knee, elbow, ankle
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Pivot joint
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monaxial movement only rotation possible found in first and second vertebra,,rotation of the head
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Ellipsoidal joint
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Biaxial joint,movement possible in two planes, found in the phalanges with the metatarsals, phalanges with the metacarpals
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Saddle joint
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biaxial joint angular movements, carpal bone of the thumb and metacarpal bone of thumb
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Gliding joint
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nonaxial joints, found at the ends of the clavicle, between carpal bones
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Types of muscle
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Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
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