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246 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What part of the brain regulates heart rate:


Medulla oblongata

Exhalation begins when:

Inspiratory muscles relax

The pulmonary trunk divides into:

Right and left pulmonary arteries

This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis:

Submucosa

Which of the below do NOT induce vasodilation and permeability (increased fluid flow) to an infection site:



a. histamines


b. kinins


c. perforin


d. leukotrienes


e. complement

c

The formation of a new glucose molecule.

Gluconeogenesis

Increased secretion of Aldosterone would result in a increase of blood ______.

sodium

The second heart sound represents what event:

Semilunar valves closing

This is a test to measure kidney function:

Plasma creatinine

Which is NOT a major function of the blood:



a. transportation of nutrients


b. regulation of blood pH


c. protection against infection


d. transportation of heat


e. production of oxygen

e

As each atrium contracts where does blood move:

Through an atrioventricular valve

The ________ muscles contract in response to cold temperatures and move the testes closer to the body to absorb more body heat.

cremaster

Which of the following is NOT a glucocorticoid effect:



a. protein and fat breakdown


b. glucose formation


c. immune suppression


d. reduction of inflammation


e. increase in blood cell production

e

The left subclavian vein receives lymph from:

Thoracic duct

The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called:

Motility

The main function of this structure is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil:

Iris

What types of tissue comprise the valves of the heart:

Dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the below structures senses dynamic equilibrium:



a. cochlea


b. semicircular canals


c. macula of vestibule


d. Organ of corti


e. Vestibulocochlear nerve

b

Which of the following promotes inflammation:



a. eosinophil


b. monocyte


c. lymphocyte


d. basophil


e. neutrophil

d

Name the (specific) disease in which the beta cells are being destroyed by the victim's immune system:

type 1 diabetes mellitus

How does angiotension II affect the kidneys:

It increases GFR

When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are known to be:

Immunocompetent

These cells secrete testosterone:

Leydig cells

Once fluid enters the proximal convoluted tubule:

It is called tubular fluid

This is used to increase the capacity of the atrium:

Auricle

The correct order in the flow of tears:

1. lacrimal gland


2. excretory lacrimal duct


3. superior & inferior lacrimal canal


4. lacrimal sac


5. nasolacrimal duct


6. nasal cavity

Which of the following hormones would NOT cause an increase in blood pressure:



a. atrial natriuretic peptide


b. antidiuretic hormone


c. aldosterone


d. angiotensin


e. increased norepinephrine

a

Once this is formed, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are identical:

Prothrombinase

This term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction occurs and blood pressure rises:

Systole

Lymphocytes can recognize:

Foreign cells

This is a blood vessel that conveys blood from the tissues back to the heart:

Vein

This lies between the lens and the retina:

Vitreous chamber

The space between the upper and lower eyelids:

Palpebral fissure

The most important capillary exchange method:

Diffusion

This hormone causes the development of megakaryoblasts:

Thrombopoietin

This pressure provides information about the condition of the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis and patent ductus arteriosus:

Pulse pressure

Vessel that supplies blood to the intestines:

Mesentric artery

This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi:

Trachea

What artery wall is responsible for vasoconstriction:

Tunica media

To which side of the body is the apex pointed:

To the left

This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils off the small intestine:

Greater omentum

Which is the correct of filtrate flow:



a. glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct



b. loop of Henle, glomerular capsule, PCT, DCT, collecting duct



c. ascending limb of loop, PCT, DCT, collecting duct, glomerular capsule

a

This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells:

-Oxygen out of blood


-Carbon dioxide into blood

What is the primary function of the large intestine:

Feces formation

The blood vessels that distributes blood to organs:

Arteries

Brunners glands secrete:

Mucous and an alkaline juice

The major hormone that regulates water loss is:

ADH

Controls the flow of blood through a capillary bed:

Precapillary sphincter

Considering Rh blood types, what would result in maternal antibodies attacking the fetus?

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

This is the transparent coat that covers the iris:

Cornea

These are mainly used to kill infectious microbes and tumor cells:

Natural killer cells

What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce:

-Oxytocin


-ADH

Functions of ____________ in the body:



-Controlling osmosis between compartments


-Maintaining acid-base balance


-Carry electrical currents-Serve as cofactors

electrolytes

This is a mass of tissue from the sternum to the vertebral column between the lungs:

Mediastinum

What do these chemicals have in common:



-potassium


-hydrogen ions


-lactic acid


-nitric oxide


-adenosine

They are all potent vasodilators

When an artery or arteriold is damaged, its smooth muscle contracts producing a:

Vascular spasm

When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _________ and the oxygen delivery to the tissue cells _________.

Decreases, increases

The largest factor that promotes reabsorption of fluids, into blood, from the interstitial fluids is:

Blood osmotic pressure

Where can the pulse not be felt:

Capillaries

Promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys:

ADH

These cells may eventually become spermatozoa:

Spermatogenic cells

The supporting cells are located within the seminiferous tubules:

Sertoli cells

What is NOT found in arteries but IS found in veins?

Valves

The structure protects and regulates the temperature of the testes:

Scrotum

This means the lungs and the chest walls expand easily:

High compliance

What is used to primarily promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys:

Aldosterone

The most abundant mineral in the body:


Calcium

In a fetus, this structure temporarily shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta:

Ductus arterious

Which of the following is an anticoagulant:



a. heparin


b. fibrinogen


c. protease


d. prostacyclin


e. plasmin

a

What antibodies does a person with type O blood have in their plasma:

A and B

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid:

2/3

What controls the anterior pituitary gland:

Action of hypothalamic hormones

The lymph from the right foot empties into the:

Thoracic duct

This is characterized by the inability of the immune system to protect the body from a pathogen:

Immunodeficiency diseases

This class of antibodies is produced after an initial exposure to antigens:

IgM

This is a small hormone that can stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions:

Cytokine

This can only stimulate an immune response if attached to a large carrier molecule:

Hapten

Water usually accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine:

95%

List 2 of the barriers used in innate defense:

-Epidermis


-Mucus

The pars distalis and the pars tuberalis comprise the:

Anterior pituitary

Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion:

They stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract

Not a agranular leukocyte:

Basophil

This is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue each surrounded by a fibrous tissue:

Penis

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving the eye:

6

Which cells secrete intrinsic factor:

Parietal cells

From the left ventricle, through what structure does blood pass:

Aortic semilunar valve

Which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism:



a. macrophages


b. T lymphocytes


c. B lymphocytes


d. memory B cells

a

Promotes inflammation:

Basophil

This class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk, and GI secretions:

IgA

This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon:

Ileocecal sphincter

Blood flow depends on which of following criteria:



a. blood pressure


b. systemic vascular resistance


c. blood type


d. blood pressure and systemic vascular pressure


e. Blood pressure and heart rate

d

Stimulation of this nerve reduces heart rate:

Vagus nerve

This structure increases the volume of the atria:

Auricle

What does a hormone NOT do:

Produce electrolytes

This darkly pigmented structure reduces light reflection within the eyeball:

Choroid

Name the two hormones produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland:

-Thyroxine


-Triiodothyronine

This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels:

Lamina propria

The lens is made of layers of proteins called:

Crystallins

What type of tissue comprise the valves of the heart:

Dense irregular connective tissue

What pancreatic enzyme acts to produce monosaccarides:

Amylase

This lies posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum and secretes an alkaline, fructose filled fluid:

Seminal vesicle

What is NOT a function of the lymphatic and immune system:

Maintaining water homeostasis in the body

This electrical event represents repolarization of the ventricle:

T wave

This heart structure(s) carries deoxygenated blood:

Right atrium and ventricle

What is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport:

Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called:

Carina

The amount of ADH that is secreted varies with:

Blood osmotic pressure

This digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins is:

hydrochloric acid

This is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35:

Acidosis

This vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries:

Arterioles

What accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats:

Liver

The sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume:

Functional residual capacity

A natural exposure to an infectious agent leads to:

Active immunity

Can only become activated when bound to a foreign antigen and simultaneously receiving a costimulate:

T cells

The enzyme which digests RNA is called:

Ribonuclease

What gastric enzyme digests proteins?

Pepsin

Capillaries are also known as:

Exchange vessels

This induces production of a specific antibody:

antigens

Secretes gastric acid:

Parietal cells

What structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances:

Proximal convoluted tubule

This layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid:

Serosa

As each atrium contracts where does blood move:

Through an atrioventricular valve

This action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis:

Opsonization

This is the portion of the stomach that connects to the duodenum:

Pyloric sphincter

The liver does not store:

Bilirubin

This is the principle bile pigment:

Bilirubin

Cardiac muscle fiber electrically connect to neighboring fibers by:

Gap junctions

How long can food stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices:

1 hour

What pancreatic enzymes acts to produce smaller peptides from proteins:

Chymotrypsin

Which of the below factors is most important in forcing blood flow through veins:



a. heart rate


b. stroke volume


c. muscular velocity


d. blood velocity


e. valve opening

c

This hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine:

Secretin

A red blood cell without a nucleus is called a:

Reticulocyte

What anterior pituitary hormones stimulate cortisol production:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Exhalation begins when:

Inspiratory muscles relax

How many stages of deglutition are there:

3

A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in:

Increased calcium reabsorption

How much of blood plasma is water (approximately):

91%

All the veins of the systemic circulation drain into the:

Superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

What is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys:

Urea

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle:

Tricuspid valve

This is a blood vessel that conveys blood from the tissues back to the heart:

Vein

The primary function of the villi of the small intestine:

Absorption

Produced by Basophils at the site of inflammation:

-Serotonin


-Histamine


-Heparin

In this disorder the aortic valve is narrowed:

Aortic stenosis

Name of the gland that produces stress reducing steroid hormones:

Adrenal gland

This is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute:

Cardiac output

Ferritin is used to:

Store iron

This is the heaviest gland of the body:

Liver

Destroys antigen-antibody complexes:

Eosinophils

The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called:

Fauces

Receptors of the eye primarily used during high light situations:

Cones

This part of the heart can initiate a contraction and can set a constant heart rate of about 100 beats per minute:

Sinoatrial valve

The cardiovascular center is located in:

Medulla oblongata

These are lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol:

Steroids

The correct sequence of structures that allows the normal sequence of excitation to progress through the heart:

-SA node


-AV node


-Bundle of His


-Purkinje fibers

What type of immunity defends against any type of invader:

Nonspecific

This electrical event triggers contraction of the atria:

P wave

This is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart:

Conduction system

The primary function of the epididymis is:

Sperm maturation

A(n) ________ muscle contraction changes tension, but remains the same length.

Isometric

A cells plasma membrane would not contain:

Nucleic acids

A codon is a three-base group of nucleotides that encodes a:

Amino acid

A joint cavity is found in:

Synovial joints

An electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane:

Membrane potential

A metabolic poison that inhibits the production of ATP most likely affects the:

Mitochondria

A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be an:

Organ

A thin layer of _______ _________ provides cushioning at articulations.

Hyaline cartilage

About 96% of the body is some combination of the following four elements:

H, O, C, N

Action potentials are propagated along the membrane primarily by:

Voltage gated ion channels

After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by:

Schwann cells

True or false:



ALL preganglionic neurons of the ANS release acetylcholine.

True

An atom is found to have 7 protons and 8 neutrons, the atom is:

-Nitrogen


-Mass number of 15

An example of an irregular bone would be:

Thoracic vertebrae

Andergenic receptors are most likely found on:

Effector organs of the sympathetic division

As a result of bone tissue response to mechanical stress (load) ____ ________ occurs at sites of high stress.

Bone deposits

At the initial stages of muscle activity ATP is first regenerated through the ________ phosphate pathway.

Creatine

A _____ _____ fracture is incomplete and common in the more flexible bones of children

green stick

Before puberty, long bone lengthens at a zone of cartilage called the:

Epiphyseal plate

Broca's area is considered a _____ ______ area.

motor speech

Bursae and tendon sheaths can best be described as:

Bags of lubricant that reduce friction between the bones of a joint

Cancer that originates from the stratum spinosum is called:

Squamous cell carcinoma

Cell junctions that promote the controlled exchange of materials between neighboring cells are called:

Gap junctions

Cells that exit the cell cycle are said to enter:

G o phase

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called:

Ganglia

Compared to a solution with a pH of 6, a solution with a pH of 8 has:

100 times less H+

During ___________ a protein is synthesized from mRNA.

Translation

For the cross-bridge cycle to be initiated it is necessary for calcium to bind to:

Troponin

Freely moveable joints are classified as:

Diarthroses

Slightly moveable joints:

Amphiarthoroses

Glycogen is important as a:

Energy storage molecule in the liver

Histology is the study of:

Tissues

If the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the:

Spinal cord may be affected

The response of the effector is to end the original stimulus:

Negative feedback mechanism

In one complete cycle of the sodium/potassium pump:

(2 potassium enter cell, 3 sodium leave cell)



-2 K+ enter


-3 Na+ exit the cell

In which phase of muscle contraction would you expect calcium to be returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum:

Relaxation phase

Kyphosis (hunchback) results from exaggerated ________ curvature of the vertebral column.

Thoracic

Muscle tone can best be described as:

The state of sustained partial contraction

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are:

Afferent nerves

Pointing one's toes downward toward the ground is known as:

Plantar flexion

Preparing the body for the "flight-or fight" response is the role of the:

Sympathetic nervous system

Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are:

Exteroceptors

Repolarization of sarcolemma following a action potential is accomplished by:

Opening of voltage gated K+ channels

Ribosomes located in/on the endoplamic reticulum __________ proteins that are incorporated into the membrane or exported from the cell in vesicles

synthesize

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called:

Gyri

RNA differs from DNA because RNA contains:

Uracil and no thymine

Saltatory conduction is made possible by:

The myelin sheath

Schwann cells are functionally similar to:

Oligodendrocytes

Smooth muscle tissue is composed of two layers the:

Longitudinal, circular

Sucrose is composed of one glucose and one fructose chemically bonded, so sucrose is considered a:

Disaccharide

The arbor vitae refers to:

Cerebellar white matter

The axial skeleton includes all of the following:

-Cranium


-Sternum


-Sacrum

The bonds in a water molecule can be best characterized as:

Polar covalent

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a fascicle of a nerve fiber is the:

Perineurium

The essential element of DNA that determines the order of amino acids in protein is the sequence of the:

Nucleotide bases

The functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle is the:

Sarcomere

The linkage formed between amino acids in a protein is known as a:

Peptide bond

The major event of the S-phase of mitosis is:

Replication of genomic DNA

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the:

Papillary layer

The movement of molecules or ions down their concentration gradient and across a biological membrane utilizing a transmembrane protein without the use of ATP is called:

Facilitated diffusion

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the:

Absolute refractory period

The primary auditory cortex is located in the:

Temporal lobe

The principle that states that the structure and function of any bodily system are inseparable is known as the principle of:

Complementarity

The region of the sarcolemma that carries an action potential into the deep interior of a muscle is called a:

T-tubule

The role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane is to stabilize and _______ the fluidity of the membrane.

Increase

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores what cation:

Calcium

The sodium/potassium pump is an example of:

Active transport

The stratum basale of the epidermis can best be described as:

Single layer of mitotically active cells

The stratum lucidum is found:

Only in thick skin

The structure in compact bone that runs perpendicular (right angle) to connect adjacent osteons is called:

Volkmann's canal

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges:

Arachnoid and pia mater

The subatomic particle that determines what the specific element is:

Proton

The thalamus and the hypothalamus are both located in the:

Diencephalon

The ________ give an osteon a structure resembling tree rings.

Lamellae

The __________ system eliminates nitrogenous waste and regulates water and electrolyte balance.

Excretory

Virtually all chemical reactions in our body are catalyzed (sped up) by:

Enzymes

_____ junctions adhere neighboring cells together so that NO fluids or solutes may pass between the cells.

Tight

Interstitial ________ consists of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

lamellae

Concerning the thickness and strength of bone being determined by mechanical and gravitational forces:

Wolfs law

Example of a lipid:

Enzymes

What epidermal gland produces a milky sweat that tends to become odoriferous over time:

Aprocrine

Which of the following elements is most likely to form an ionic bond with potassium:



a. carbon


b. oxygen


c. sodium


d. chlorine


e. nitrogen

d

Not essential for survival:

Light

What is stored in the synaptic vesicles of a motor neuron:

Acetylcholine

What is acetylchoinesterase:

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called:

Ependymal cells

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres:

Longitudinal fissure