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292 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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life span |
maximum age attainable by humans none recorded after 122 |
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life expectancy |
average length of life in a given population |
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ANS subsystem |
sympathetic parasympathetic |
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vallate papillae |
v- shape in rear 7-12 but 250 buds on each taste buds yes |
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Functions of reticular formation |
somatic motor control cardiovascular control pain modulation sleep/consciousness habituation (ignore constant stimuli) |
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signs of diabetes mellitus |
polyuria (excessive urine)
polydipsia (excessive thirst) polyphagia (excessive hunger) hyperglycemia (high blood pressure) glycosuria (glucose in urine) ketonuria (ketones in urine) |
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type ll diabetes mellitus |
not lack of insulin but insulin resistance develops slow most common |
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diabetes mellitus |
disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from the hyposecretion or inaction of insulin |
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type l diabetes mellitus |
lack or insufficient insulin genetically susceptible |
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visceral reflexes |
unconscious automatic sterotyped responses to stimulation |
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cones |
day and color |
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rods |
night and monochromatic vision |
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neural components |
retina optic nerve |
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optical components |
transparent elements that admit light rays bend them and focus images on the retina cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous body |
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paracrines |
chemical signals released into the tissue fluid and not into the blood local hormones release into tissue |
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down-regulation |
cell DECREASES number of hormone receptors |
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up-regulation |
cell INCREASES number of hormone receptors adding receptors |
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3 tunic layers |
outer fibrous layer middle vascular layer inner layer |
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visceral ARC |
receptors-afferent neurons-inter neurons-efferent neurons-effectors |
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outer tunic |
sclera-white of eye cornea- anterior region admits light |
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middle tunic |
choroid-deep layer clilian body- muscular ring around lens iris-adjustable diaphram controls diameter |
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exocrine |
releases via ducts to epithelial surface
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endocine |
ductless release into blood stream |
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sense organ |
composed of nervous tissue along with another tissue enhances response to certain type of stimulus |
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transduction |
conversion of one form of energy to another |
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receptor potential |
small local electrical charge change only travels CNS different in electrical charge |
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visceral pain |
pain in organs |
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somatic pain |
from skin |
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sound |
audible vibration of molecules |
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equilibrium |
sense of motion, body orientation, and balance |
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pitch |
sense of whether a sound is "high" or "low" (treble or base) caused by frequency |
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loudness |
perception of sound energy intensity or amplitude of vibration |
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hearing |
response to vibrating molecules |
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s taste sensation |
Salty-metal ions sweet-organic compounds sour-acids bitter-spoiled foods and alkaloids umami (meat)-amino acids |
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3 types of deafness |
conductive deafness otosclerosis sensorineural deafness |
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ANS |
autonomic nervous system motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac and smooth muscle |
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conductive deafness |
any condition that interferes with transmission of vibrations to the inner ear not reaching |
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sensorineural deafness |
death of hair cells or nervous elements concerned with hearing |
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otosclerosis |
fusion of the auditory ossicles with each other no vibration |
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dura matter |
against cranial bones not attached |
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brain stem |
everything else diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongato |
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cerebellum |
10% volume contains 50% neurons posterior largest part of the hind brain 2nd largest part of total brain left and right hemisphere |
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cerebrum |
largest part 83% volume 2 halves |
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3 major portions of brain |
cerebrum cerebellum brain stem |
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white matter |
inner sends signals |
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gray matter |
outer all thinking processing |
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3 functions of CSF |
buoyancy protection chemical stability |
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CSF |
cerebrospinal fluid clear liquid that fills ventricles and canals of CNS inaround brain |
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intrinsic aging |
normal changes with passage of time |
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photoaging |
degeneration in proportion to UV exposure, skin spots, skin cancer, wrinkling |
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cranial nerve vii |
facial nerve tears, salivary nasal glands |
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cranial nerve x |
vajus nerve 90% of all parasympathetic fibers |
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parasympathetic cranial nerves |
iii, vii, ix, x |
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enteric nervous system |
nervous system for digestive track |
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characteristics of enteric system |
regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic reg motility & secretion of enzymes and acids |
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cerebral cortex |
work with ANS |
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linear acceleration |
change in velocity when going in a STRAIGHT line |
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angular acceleration |
SPINNING change in the rate of rotation |
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dynamic equilibrium |
perception of motion or acceleration |
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static equilibrium |
perception of head when body is stationary |
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synergistic effects |
2 or more hormones WORK TOGETHER to produce a great effect |
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permissive effect |
one hormone ENHANCES the target organ's response to a second |
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antagonistic effects |
one hormone OPPOSES the action of another |
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components of circulatory system |
heart blood vessels blood |
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functions of the circulatory system |
transport substances |
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3 blood plasma proteins |
albumin globulin fibrinogen |
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viscosity |
resistance of fluid to flow |
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osmolarity |
molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through blood vessel wall |
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erythropoiesis |
production of red blood cells |
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luekopoeisis |
production of white blood cells |
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thrombopoeisis |
formation of platelets |
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hemopoiesis |
production of blood |
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3 steps in hemostasis |
vascular spasm platelet plug formation coajulation |
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2 division of cardiovascular system |
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit |
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characteristics of cardiocytes |
short thick cells
one nucleus striated autorhythmic repair cells b fibrosis |
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cardiac output |
amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 min |
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cardiac reserve |
difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output |
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3 types of blood vessels |
arteries veins capillaries |
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arteries |
carry away |
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veins |
carry back |
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capillaries |
connect smallest arteries to smallest veins |
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aortic bodies |
same as carotid bodies found in a ortic arch |
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blood pressure |
force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall |
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blood pressure recorded by |
systolic over diastolic |
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systolic pressure |
peak arterial pressure attained during contraction |
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diastolic pressure |
minimal arterial pressure during relaxation |
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autoregulator |
ability of tissue to regulate their own blood supply |
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angiogenesis |
growth of new blood vessels |
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3 controls for vasomotion |
local control neural control hormonal control |
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carotid sinuses |
pressure sensors (Baroreceptors) in walls of carotid artery |
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carotid bodies |
chemoreceptors (chemical sensor) in branches of internal carotid artery 1 |
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edema |
accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue |
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3 causes of edema |
increased capillary filtration reduced capillary absorption destructed lymphatic drainage |
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lymphatic system |
organ system |
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immune system |
population of cells |
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components of lymphatic system |
lymph lymphatic vessels lymphatic tissues lymphatic organs |
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natural killer cells (NK) |
destroy bacteria |
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lymphocytes (T cells) |
mature in thymus |
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macrophages |
primary APC monocytes |
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APC's |
antigen presenting cells |
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two types of APC cells |
dendritic cells (move around) reticular cells (do not move) |
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main lymphatic organs |
red bone marrow thymus lymph nodes tonsils spleen |
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red bone marrow |
supplies lymphocytes to the immune system |
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thymus |
houses T lymphocytes |
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lymph nodes |
most numerous clean lymph site of t&b activation only organ that filters lymph |
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tonsils |
adenoid patatine lingual |
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spleen |
largest lymphatic organ monitors blood high vascular and vulnerable |
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leukaocyte neutrophils |
phagocytosis chemical cloud kill more bacteria |
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leukocytes eosinaphils |
parasites and allergens |
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leukocytes basophils |
leukotrienes histamine heparin |
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leukotrienes |
activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils |
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histamine |
increases blood flow speeds delivery of leukocytes to area |
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heparin |
stops formation of blood clots |
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leukocytes monocytes |
turn into macrophages |
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2 types of immunity |
cellular humoral |
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cellular immunity |
attacking whole cells using T cells |
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humoral immunity |
using B cells attacking extracellular |
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natural active immunity |
one own antibodies permanent ex making own antibodies |
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artificial active immunity |
permanent example vaccination |
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artificial passive immunity |
temporary injection ex snake bites, rabies |
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natural passive immunity |
happens on own temporary ex mother to child |
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T cells |
born: bone marrow mature: thymus train-pass-clone if they fail they die |
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B cells |
born: bone marrow mature: bone marrow process: train-pass-clone if they fail they die |
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cytotoxic T (Tc) |
effectors |
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helper T (Th) |
actively attack |
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regulatory T (Tr) |
limit immune response |
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memory T (Tm) |
descend from Tc cells |
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functions of respiratory system |
gas exchange communication o l faction acid base balance blood pressure regulation blood and lymph flow blood filtration expulsion of abdominal contents |
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primary organs of respiratory system |
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs |
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2 divisions of respiratory system |
conducting division- only air flow respiratory division- gas exchange |
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right lung |
shorter with 3 lobes fatter |
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left lung |
taller and narrow with 2 lobes skinnier |
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3 types alveolar cells |
squamous (type 1) cells great (type ii) alveolar cells alveolar macrophages (dust cells) |
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dorsal respiratory group |
modifies the rate and depth found in the medulla |
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pontine respiratory group |
rhythm of VRG found in the pons |
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central chemoreceptors respond to |
pH of CSF |
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aldoslerone |
salting retaining hormone |
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natriuretic peptides |
dumping of NaCl and H2O in urine |
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
retain water |
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parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
increases overall absorption |
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stretch receptors |
inflation of the lungs |
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irritant receptors |
pollen smoke dust |
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renal fascia |
binds to kidneys to abdominal wall |
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perirena fat capsule |
cushions, holds in place |
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brain stem |
everything else diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongato |
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chemical digestion |
chemical breakdown |
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peristatalsis |
invulontary wave of muscular contraction |
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regenerative cells |
produce new cells |
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mucous cells |
secrete mucus |
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parietal cells |
HCL intrinsic factor ghrelin |
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chief cells |
most numerous secrete gastric lipase & pepsinogen |
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enteroendocrine cells |
secrete hormones and paracrine |
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segmentation |
mix and churn not to move material along |
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sympathetic division |
large target areas short pre long post |
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parasympathetic |
long pre short post small target area |
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mechanical digestion |
physical breakdown |
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5 stages of digestive function |
ingestion digestion absorption compaction defecation |
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physiological buffer |
system stabilizes pH |
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buffer |
resists change in pH |
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process of food from mouth to rectum |
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine |
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mineral |
inorganic elements from plants |
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vitamins |
dietary organic compounds |
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3 pathways of glucose catabolism |
glycolysis anaerobic fermentation aerobic respiration |
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metabolic rate |
amount of energy in liberated time |
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BMR basal metabolic rate |
baseline standard comparison |
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TMR total metabolic rate |
sum of BMR and energy expenditures |
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primary and secondary sex organs |
primary: testes or ovaries secondary: ducts, glands, and the penis uterine tubes, uterus, vagina |
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cremaster muscle |
contracts and draws closer to body |
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dartos muscle |
contracts reducing surface area |
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pampiniform plexus |
network of veins heat exchange |
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BTB blood testis barrier |
tight junctions between cells immune system |
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spermatic ducts flow |
efferent ductules duct of epididymis ductus (vas) deferens ejaculatory duct |
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3 glands in the male system |
seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral gland |
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spermatogenesis |
sperm production |
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spermiogenesis |
spermatids into spermatozoa |
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purpose of female system |
produces and delivers gametes provides nutrition and safe harbor for fetal development gives birth nourishes infant |
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layers of uterus |
perimetrium-external myometrium-middle endometrium-inner stratum functionalis stratum basals |
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3 stages of female puberty |
thelarche pubarche merarche |
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thelarche |
onset of breast development |
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pubarche |
appearance of pubic and axillary hair |
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menarche |
1st menstrual period |
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climacteric |
midlife change inhormones |
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menopause |
cessation of menstrual cycles |
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reproductive cycle |
fertilization to giving birth to returning to a state of fertility |
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sexual cycle |
events that recur every month when pregnancy doesn't intervene |
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ovarian cycle |
events in ovaries |
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menstrual cycle |
parallel changes in uterus |
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basic hierarchy of hormonal control |
hypothalamus->pituitary->ovaries->uterus |
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ovarian cycle |
follicular phase ovulation luteal phase |
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follicular phase |
beginning of menstruation until ovulation |
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ovulation |
repture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg |
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luteal |
onset of menstration |
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menstrual cycle |
proliferative phase secretory phase premenstrual phase menstrual phase |
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proliferative phase |
endometrial rebuilt |
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secretory phase |
endometrium thickens |
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premenstrual phase |
period of endometrial degeneration |
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menstrual phase |
discharge |
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conceptus |
all products of conception embryo or fetus the placenta & associated membranes |
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blastocyst |
developing individual hallow ball first 2wks |
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embryo |
from day 16 through 8wks |
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fetus |
beginning of 9wks to birth |
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neonate |
newborn to 6wks |
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main pregnancy hormones |
estrogens progesterone human chorionic gonadotropin human chorionic somatomammotropin |
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3 stages of labor |
dilation expulsion placental stage |
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dilation stage longest |
dilation of cervical |
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expolsion |
begins when baby's head enters vagina |
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placental stage |
placental separation |
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colostrum |
similar to breast milk in protein & lactose contains 1/3 less fat contains Iga |
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ectopic pregnancy |
implantation anywhere other then the uterus |
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gestational diabetes |
diabetes mellitus in pregnant women |
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preeclampsia |
very serious high blood pressure |
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spontaneous abortion |
loss |
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embryology |
prenatal development |
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developmental biology |
fertilized egg through old age |
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basic process sperm migration |
sperm must encouter the egg somewhere in distal 1/3 of the uterine tube |
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sperm capacitation |
process that migrating sperm must undergo to make it possible to penetrate energy |
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fertilization |
a crosomal reaction releasing the enzymes needed to penetrate the egg |
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major milestones for each trimester |
1st- conceptus is most vulnerable 2- organs complete 3- fetus grows rapidly & organs acheiveenough cellular defferentiation to support outside womb |
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cleavage |
mitotic divisions |
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implantation |
attaches to uterine |
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preembryonic stage |
first 16 days of embryo |
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3 major processes of prembryonic stage |
cleavage implantation embryogenesis |
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embryogenesis |
three primary germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
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derivatives of ectoderm |
epidermis nervous system lens and cornea internal ear |
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derivatives of mesoderm |
skeleton muscle cartilage blood lymphoid tissue gonads and ducts kidneys and ureters |
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derivatives of endoderm |
gut and respiratory epithelium and glands bladder and urethra |
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amnion |
transparent sac encloses the embryo and penetrated only by umbilical cord fills with amnotic fluid |
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yolk sac |
ventral side contribute to formation of GI tract, blood cells and future egg or sperm cells |
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allantois |
out pocketing of the yolk sac foundation umbilical cord becomes part of urinary bladder |
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chorion |
enclosing all membranes & embryo has villi forms fetal portion of placenta |
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uterine milk |
secretion of the uterine tubes and endometrial glands |
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trophoblastic nutrition |
decidual cells of the endometrium |
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placenta |
organ umbilical cord to the fetus mother blood through placenta |
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functions of placenta |
nutritional role excretory role respiratory role endocrine role immune role |
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3 major classes of teratogens |
drugs and other chemicals infections disease radiation suchasx-ray |
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disjunction |
normal seporation |
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nondisjunction |
pair of chromosomes fail to separate |
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aneuplosidy types |
monosomy- leaves with one trisomy - extra chromosome |
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patau syndrome (trisomy-13) edwardsyndrome (trisomy -18) |
born severly deformed fewer then 5% survive 1yr |
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nondisjunction of autosomes |
involve chromosomes 13,18, and 21 |
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down syndrome (trisomy 21) |
impaired physical development |
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aging |
changes occurring in the body with the passage of time |
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senescence |
degeneration that occurs in organ system |
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peripheral receptors respond to |
O2 and CO2 in blood |
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fibrous capsule |
enclosed kidney protects it from trauma & infection |
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kidney 2 zones |
renal cortex - outside renal medulla - inside |
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2 main parts of nephron
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renal corpuscle renal tubule |
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3 main types of homeostatic balances |
water balance electrolyte balance acid-base balance |
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electrolytes importance |
chemically reactive determine electrical potential affect osmolority affect the bodys water content |
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major cations |
sodium potassium calcium hydrogen |
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major anions |
chloride bicarbonate phosphate |
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acid |
releases hydrogen |
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base |
accepts hydrogen |
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cranial nerve III |
occulomotor nerve control lens of eye |
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gray matter |
all thinking processing
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white matter |
sends signals |
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cranial nerve X |
vagus nerve 90& of all parasympathetic fibers |
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exocrine |
releases via ducts to epithelial surfacem |
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middle tunic |
choroid- deep layer cilian body- muscular ring and lens ins- adjustable diaphram contrals diameter |
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otosclerosis |
fusion of the auditory ossicles |
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dura matter |
against cranial bones not attached |
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cerebellum |
10% volume contains 50% neurons posterior |
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cerebellum |
largest part of hind brain 2nd largest part of total brain left and right hemisphere |
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CSF |
clear liquid in around the brain |
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cranial nerve VII |
facial nerve tears salivary and nasal glands |
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synergistic effects |
2 or more work together |
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dorsa lrespitatory group |
modifies the rate and depth found in the medulla |
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neural components |
retina optic nerve |
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opticalcomponents |
transparent elements cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous body |
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outer tunic |
sclera - white of the eye |
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cornea |
anterior regions admits light |
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3 tunic layers |
-outer fibrous layer -middle vascular layer -inner layer |
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paracrines |
local hormones released into tissue |
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edema |
accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue |
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stretch receptors |
inflation of the lungs |
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tonsils |
adeniod patatine lingual |
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macrophages |
primary APC monocytes |
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APCs |
antigen presenting cells |
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3 meinges& order superficial to deep |
dura mater outside arachnoid matter pia mater inside |
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pia mater |
not visible contains the brain |
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arachnoid mater |
transparent over brain surface |
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sensation |
sensory subjective awareness |
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inner tunic |
retina start of optic nerve |
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reticular formation |
all levels of brain stem |
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4 types of brain waves |
alpha eye close beta eyes open theta children and drowsy adults delta deep sleep |
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cranial nerve IV |
glossopharyngeal salivation |
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components of the circulatory system |
heart and blood vessels |
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pulmonary circuit pathway |
right side receives blood just circulated through body Pumps the o2 poor blood into large artery the pulmonary trunk which divides into left & right pulmonary arties the two arteries transport blood to either lung where CO2 is unloaded and O2 is picked up |
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systemic circuit pathway |
O2 rich blood travels from lungs to left side of heart leaves heart via the aorta which makes a sharp u-turn aortic arch & travels down through the thoracic and abdominal cavities. smaller arteries branch off aorta to all organs done going through body this returns to the right side via superior and inferior cava |
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conduction system |
sinoatrial (sa) node pacemaker that initiates each heart beat and sets the rate signals travel from SA node throughout the av node signals go down apex |
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3 kinds of artenal sense organs |
carotid sinuses carotid bodies aortic bodies |
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ventral resporatory |
primary generator of breaths found in the medulla |
