Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 muscle types
|
skeletal/somatic
cardiac smooth/visceral |
|
Skeletal/Somatic Muscle
|
1) voluntary- indiv controls musc contrxns 2) innervation-1 nerve ending from CNS supplies 1 muscle cell @ connection: neuromuscular joint
|
|
innervation
|
how musc receives nerve supply
|
|
Cardiac Muscle
|
1)involuntary-automatic, no willful control; heart 2)innervation-1 nerve ending from ANS supplies several cardiac musc cells
|
|
Smooth/Visceral Muscle
|
1)involuntary 2)innervation-from ANS 3)variances, a. 1 nerve ending supplies 1 smooth musc cell where precise/fast contrxn needed OR b. 1 nerve ending supplies several cells where gross/slow contrxn needed
|
|
ex variances:
|
a. intrinsic muscles of the eye, aorta
b. stomach, ureters associated w/ kidneys |
|
Location of Musc in body: Skeletal
|
1.in association w/ bones for purpose of mvmt&stabilization (maintain posture) 2. surrounding body cavities 3. bulk of extremeties 4. all of tongue 5. diaphragm-sep thoracic from abdom cavity 6. extrinsic musc of eye
|
|
Location of Musc in body: Cardiac
|
heart only
|
|
Location of Musc in body: Smooth
|
1. walls of hollow organs:
gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, excretory tract, reproductive tract, walls of bv's 2. capsule of spleen 3. arrector pilli (hair follicles in skin) 4. intrinsic eye musc/ciliary musc |
|
1.musc cells elongated along line of contrxn
|
when contract, contractile forces towards center of cell & elastic forces in opposing direction
|
|
c2.ells that move during contrxn
|
overall length shortens
diameter increases |
|
3.all musc cells use __ as source of energy
|
ATP
|
|
4.all musc cells have a __ & __
|
sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of musc cells & sarcolema
|
|
sarcolema
|
equivalent to cell membrane/plasma memb; conducts electrical impulse/action potential/wave of depolarization stimulating musc cells to contract
|
|
2/3 kinds of cells contain __
|
myofibrils (skeletal & cardiac): made of protein myofilaments
|
|
protein myofilaments
|
include pr: actin, myosin
fxnal pr: tropomyosin, troponin |
|
Skeletal Musc cells/muscle fibers
|
longest in length
long cylinders cross striations (banded) contain up to 1000 nuclei syncytium: common cytoplasm sharing many nuclei |
|
cardiac musc cells
|
shortest in length
cells are branched/cylindrical cross striated 1 nucleus/cell intercalated discs b/w cells where connect |
|
smooth musc cells
|
intermediate in length
spindle shaped w/ blunt ends no cross striations 1 nucleus/cell |
|
general fxns of muscle
|
1.mvmt/propulsion 2.direct regulation in BP 3.posture 4.body heat production
|
|
mvmt/propulsion: skeletal
|
1.locomotion: walking/running 2.other body mvmts: mvmt eyes, breathing, grasping w/ hands, initial aspect of swallowing, turning head
|
|
mvmt/propulsion: cardiac
|
propulsion of blood in cardiovascular system
|
|
mvmt/propulsion: smooth
|
peristalsis 1.moves food thru GI tract 2. moves urine thru urinary tract: kidneys to bladder thru ureters 3.micturation: urination 4.parturation: childbirth 5.defecation
|
|
direct regulation in BP
|
brought about by smooth musc contrxns & relaxations primarily in BV's-arterioles
|
|
posture
|
1.skeletal musc contrxn 2. muscle tonus: few, but continual contrxns creating tension in specific musc- antigravity musc
|
|
antigravity muscles
|
located largely in trunk & legs; resist & maintain posture
|
|
body heat production
|
1.skeletal musc makes up 40%body mass-major contributor to body heat thru contrxns 2. catabolism of glucose 3.actual contrxns prod heat
|
|
gross structure of Skeletal muscle
|
1. epimysium 2.perimysium 3. endomysium
|
|
epimysium
|
made of WFCT
found around/outer border cell gives off components of itself extending into the musc itself |
|
perimysium
|
made of WFCT sheets
surround groups of musc cells (single group encapsulated=fascicle) also give off pieces of itself |
|
endomysium
|
made of WFCT
encapsulates indiv musc cells fxns: 1.organization of musc 2. pathway for bv's/nerves to move from outside to inside cell |
|
organization of musc
|
1. epimysium holds fascicles together 2.perimysium holds musc cells together 3.endomysium attaches musc cells to each other
|
|
ultrastructure of skeletal musc
|
1.sarcolemma 2.many peripheral nuclei 3.sarcoplasm
|
|
sarcolemma
|
plasma membrane
found @ surface of any musc |
|
many peripheral nuclei
|
just underneath membrane; ~1000
|
|
sarcoplasm:
|
ctyoplasm; 1.mitochondria 2.myofibrils 3. transverse system 4.sarcoplasmic reticulum 5. triads
|
|
sarcoplasm: mitochondria
|
found w/in cytoplasm
required for ATP energy found b/w myofibrils |
|
sarcoplasm: myofibrils
|
in cytoplasm
basic contractile units of musc cells 100s in cells composed of: myofilaments & sarcomere |
|
myofilaments
|
make up myofibrils
highly specific arrangement: cross striations/bands of pr |
|
myofilament arrangement
|
A band-anisotropic, dark; I band-isotropic, light; 2 filaments: thick-cross bridges, myosin & thin-actin, tropomyosin, troponin
|
|
sarcomere
|
molecular unit of musc contrxn
all of sub located b/w 2 Z lines: complete A band & 1/2 I band on each side Z line, I band, A band, H zone |
|
Z line
|
made of pr alpha actinin: holds thin filaments in place, divides I band into 2 equal halves
|
|
I band
|
divided in half by Z lines, contains only thin filaments
|
|
A band
|
2, contain thin/thick: myosin, tropomyosin, troponin
|
|
H zone
|
in middle of A band, lighter in density than A band, does not contain any thin myofilaments in it
|
|
sarcoplasm: transverse system (T system)
|
1.series of many tubules cotinuous w/ sarcolemma, extend into sarcoplasm & interweave w/ myofibrils; "dead end tubules" 2.fxn: conduction of action potentials from sarcolemma to interior of cell where myofibrils located
|
|
sarcoplasm: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
|
1.series/closed system of tubules & sacs 2.fxn: regulates Ca ion concentration in sarcoplasm & how much available for myofibrils
|
|
SR closed system:
|
sarcotubules run longitudinally down length of myofibril; expand into terminal cisternae/lateral sacs @ ends of sarotubules; form reticular network b/w sarcotubules & lateral sacs
|
|
sarcoplasm: triads
|
made of 1 central T tubule w/ lateral sac of sarcoplasmic reticulum flanked on either side
|
|
Micromechanics-condition of sarcomere: Relaxed musc
|
I band, A band & H zone @ resting dimensions
|
|
Micromechanics-condition of sarcomere: Partially contracted musc
|
I band & H zone partial, A band no change
|
|
Micromechanics-condition of sarcomere: Maximally contracted
|
I band disappears
H zone dimensions greatly reduced A band no change |
|
sliding filament theory
|
myofilaments don't change length, so only way banding patterns change is when filaments slide past one another
|
|
Excitation of skeletal muscle
|
neurogenic: requires stimulus to come to it from the nervous sys ...action potential passes down axon & arrives @ myoneural junction
|
|
Myoneural/Neuromuscular Junction
|
1.axon terminal (end foot) 2.synaptic cleft-space b/w axon terminal & end plate 3. end plate-part of sarcolemma of nerve cell; specialized portion of musc cell
|
|
sequence of events for stimulation
|
1.
|
|
contrxn & relaxation of musc cells
|
"all of none" principal: contracts completely (appropriately stimulated) or not at all (inappropriately stimulated)
|
|
Biomechanical rxns of musc contrxn
|
1. conditions in resting musc cell 2. conditions causing contrxn of musc cells 3. conditions causing relaxation of musc cells
|
|
conditions in resting musc cells
|
low Ca in sarcoplasm; thick&thin filaments @ resting position; tropomyosin covers actin so myosin cross bridges cant make contact; troponin not combined w/ Ca; myosin cross bridges have reacted w/ ATP & in activated state
|
|
conditions causing contrxn of musc cells
|
action potential arrives @ myofibrils by Ttubules; stimulates later sacs to release Ca into myofibrils; Ca combines w/ troponin; causes tropomyosin to change position allowing myosin cross bridges to make contact w/ actin; myosin cross bridges cause thin filament to slide across thick fil; causes 2 Z lines to move closer
|
|
conditions causing relaxation of musc cells
|
Ca absorbed back into SR reducing Ca levels in myofibrils; Ca come off troponin; causes tropomyosin to return back to resting position preventing myosin cross bridges from contacting actin; ATP comes in & reacts w/ myosin cross bridges helping get them from thin fil & back to resting position
|
|
contrxn=__ process & relaxation=__ process
|
active (uses ATP); passive
|
|
__ filaments always move while __ filaments stay in place w/ contrxn&relax
|
thin; thick
|
|
Muscle physiology
|
l
|
|
motor unit
|
1 nerve fiber/axon of a nerve cll and all muscle fibers/cells it innervates; 1.nerve (made of many nerve fibers 2.enters musc fiber & distributes; each nerve fiber divides into axon terminals (2-2000 term) 3. each axon term associates w/ muscle fiber @ neuromuscular junction
|
|
1 nerve fiber stimulates
|
all musc fibers to contract @ the same exact time
|
|
Isolated musc preperations
|
types: isotonic, isometric, simple isotonic twitch, treppe effect, summation of twitches, tetanus, bioenergetics of musc activity, fatigue
|
|
isotonic
|
one end doenst move, one end freely moveable; musc shortens, changes shape, has capability to move; moving end allows musc's to do work
|
|
isometric
|
both ends fixed, no moveable; no shortening, no change in shape, no mvmt; with no mvmt, do no work; tension increases w/in musc
|
|
simple isotonic twitch
|
need stimulus of proper magnitude, causing single musc contrxn/twitch
|
|
simple isotonic twitch: characteristics
|
stimulus->twitch(Shortening of musc->musc relaxes back to norm length
|
|
simple isotonic twitch: periods
|
1.refractory period(.005s)-no other stim than the 1 can cause contrxn 2.latent period(.01s)-from beginning of stim to beginning of contrxn; no mvmt in musc 3.contrxn period(.04s)-from beg of contrxn to max amount of contrxn 4.relaxation period(.05s)-max contrxn back to resting length
|
|
simple isotonic twitch: duration of twitches
|
1.medial rectus(White musc) .004 s 2.gastrocnemius (mixed) .008s 3.soleus (red musc) .100s
|
|
simple isotonic twitch: effect of stimulus intensity
|
quantal summation: inc stimulus intensity->inc musc contrxn; subliminal stimuli, threshold stimulus, max stimulus
|
|
simple isotonic twitch: "all or none principal" & variation fo contrxn strength
|
1.applies only to musc cells, not entire musc-musc cell responds to appr stim given, @ norm temp & no fatigue sub are present; contracts completely or not at all
|
|
w/ quantal summation ...
|
all cells contracting follow "all or none" principal; up to max stim, then all musc cells are follwing "all or none" prin & contracting completely
|
|
Treppe effect
|
1max stim/sec; 1st 5-6twitches show inc degrees of contrxn & then become constant; Ca ions inc for 1st 5-6twitches & temp inc inside musc cells slightly w/ 1st 5-6 twitches ...basis for warm-ups
|
|
summation of twitches
|
wave/temporal summation-2 rapid stim applied to musc w/ 2nd stim applied b/w latent & relaxation periods from 1st stim; result-contrxn caused by 2nd stim is greater than 1st b/c 100%/80% elastic forces to overcome
|
|
significance of summation
|
1.shows refractory period in musc is very short & 2. is the basis for tetanic contrxns
|
|
tetanus/tetanic musc contrxns
|
rate @ which stimuli applied to musc
|
|
tetanus: conditions
|
isolated, rapid & constant succession of max stimulus applied
|
|
tetanus: results
|
musc undergoes steady contrxn; no complete relaxation
|
|
tetanus: types
|
1.incomplete tetanus 2.complete tetanus
|
|
incomplete tetanus
|
steady contrxn w/ partial relaxations; wave/temporal summation ... result dependent on rate stim applied
|
|
complete tetanus
|
rate of stim applied so fast musc undergoes steady contrxn w/o any relaxations at all
|
|
significance of tetanic contrxns
|
1.its the way musc in the body contract 2.motor units begin contrxn asynchronously & begin relaxation asynchronously 3.allow for even musc contrxns, rather than instantaneous
|
|
bioenergetics of muscular activity: source of energy
|
ATP
|
|
conversion of energy in musc cells
|
1.normal metabolism during resting/mild exercise 2.creatine phosphate reservoir 3.metabolism during vigorous exercise
|
|
normal metabolism in musc cells during resting/mild exercise
|
glycolysis & anaerobic respiration; muscle cells provide 2 sources of glucose:from blood & glycogen; glycolysis: breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid; anaerobic resp: breaks down pyruvic acid to H2O&CO2
|
|
creatine phosphate reservoir
|
ATP->musc contrxn->ADP+Pi -> CP +ADP -> ATP + C; short term biomechanic metabolism
|
|
metabolism during vigorous exercise
|
(O2 debt)1.cell resp occurs very quickly, O2 levels used faster than supplied; O2 levels in cell dec 2. cells use ATP faster than prod, ATP levels dec & ADP levels inc 3.CP being used up, CP levels dec & C levels inc 4. dominating effect:
|
|
dominating effect:
|
1.pasteur effect:glycolysis occurring faster than cellular resp; ADP levels inc & O2levels dec 2.pyruvic acid levels inc, change to lactic acid, sent to blood, then liver, liver changes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid
|
|
fatigue
|
result of prolonged stimulus musc contrxn, musc begins to loose properties; 1.in vivo 2. in isolated musc
|
|
vivo
|
in the body, fatigue does not occur; reversible b/c connected to BV's
|
|
isolated muscle
|
no BV's connected, all rxns headed to fatigue; apply max stim 1/sec for long period of time 2. contracture 3.incomplete fatigue 4. complete fatigue
|
|
origin
|
stationary attachment of musc; less moveable end
|
|
insertion
|
opposite of origin; more moveable end of musc
|
|
action
|
description of what musc does when it contracts
|
|
agonist/prime mover
|
most important one action; causes primary movement in contrxn
|
|
synergist
|
assists primary mover
|
|
antagonist
|
opposes the action of a prime mover; 1.provides resistance to action of PM 2.resistance provided allows for even musc movements/contrxns
|
|
flexion
|
decreases angle of a joint
|
|
extension
|
increases the angle of a joint
|
|
abduction
|
moving away from the midline
|
|
adduction
|
moving toward the midline
|
|
rotation
|
part moved around central axis
|
|
circumduction
|
related to arms/legs; end of limb makes circle & length of limb describes sides of cone
|
|
levation
|
raises body part
|
|
depression
|
lowers body part
|
|
sphincters
|
circular musc that decrease the size of an opening
|
|
tensors
|
increase rigidity of a part
|
|
supinators
|
turm palm of hand upward
|
|
pronators
|
turn palm of hand downward
|
|
inversion
|
sole of foot moved toward midline @ ankle
|
|
eversion
|
sole of foot moved away from midline @ ankle
|
|
Fxnal grp of skeletal muscles: Extrinsic musc of the eye
|
superior/inferior/lateral/medial rectus, superior/inferior oblique
|
|
superior rectus
|
rolls eye upward towards forehead when contracts
|
|
inferior rectus
|
rolls eye downward
|
|
lateral rectus
|
rolls eye laterally
|
|
medial rectus
|
rolls eye medially toward nose
|
|
superior oblique
|
rolls eye downward & medially
|
|
inferior oblique
|
rolls eye upward and laterally
|
|
epicranius
|
1.frontalis 2.galea aponeurotica 3.occipitalis
|
|
neck
|
1.platysma 2.triangularis
action:draw corner of mouth/lower lip downward, control facial expressions |
|
face musc
|
orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major/minor
|
|
orbicularis oris
|
voluntary sphincter; compresses & closes lips
|
|
zygomaticus major/minor
|
pulls corners mouth upward & backward
|
|
orbicularis oculi
|
voluntary sphincter; compresses & closes eyelids
|
|
mastication/chewing musc
|
masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, buccanator
|
|
masseter
|
zygomatic arch->(angle&ramus of mandible)
PM in raising madible |
|
temporalis
|
temporalis fossa(parietal&frontal bones)->(coronoid process of mandible)
raises & retracts mandible |
|
lateral pterygoid
|
pterygoid process sphenoid & great wing sphenoid ->(mandibular condyle)
lowers mandible |
|
medial pterygoid
|
pterygoid process sphenoid->(angle&ramus mandible)
raises madible |
|
buccanator
|
alveolar processes of max/mand->(orbicularis oris)
compress cheeks together |
|
mvmt of head
|
sternocleidomastoid & splenius capitus
|
|
sternocleidomastoid
|
sternum&clavicle->(mastoid proc temporal bone)
1.contrxn one:flex of cervical vert laterally toward side contracted 2.contrxn both:flex of cerv vert anteriorly; pulls head toward feet |
|
splenius capitus
|
spinous proc 7th cervical, 1-4th thor vert, nuchal lig->(occipital bone & mastoid proc)
1.contrxn 1side:head rotated toward side contracted 2.contrxn both:flex cervical vert posteriorly & extends head |
|
mvmt of shoulder girdle
|
levator scapulae, rhombodeus major/minor, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius
|
|
levator scapulae
|
1-4 cerv vert->(superior angle scapula)
PM elevation of scapula |
|
rhomboideus major
|
2-5th thor vert->(vertebral border scapula)
syn for elevation |
|
rhomboideus minor
|
7th cerv & 1st thor vert->(vertebral border of scapula @ spine)
syn for elevation |
|
both rhomb major/minor
|
elevate scapula, adduct & laterally rotate scapula
|
|
pectoralis minor
|
antagonist of levator scp/rhomb's; 3-5th ribs->(coracoid proc scapula)
depress/move inferiorly scapula |
|
serratus anterior
|
1-8th ribs->(vertebral border scapula)
adducts scapula and moves toward chest |
|
trapezius
|
3 regions; occipital bone, nuchal lig, 7th cerv vert & all thor vert->(clavicle, acromion & spine scapula)
|
|
whole body of trapezius contrxn
|
adducts scapula & pulls toward midline
|
|
upper region contrxn of trapezius
|
extends head
|
|
middle region contrxn of trapezius
|
elevates scapula
|
|
lower region contrxn of trapezius
|
depresses scapula
|
|
flexion of humerus
|
coracobrachialis, pectoralis major
|
|
coracobrachialis
|
coracoid proc->(middle humerus)
PM flexion humerus |
|
pectoralis major
|
clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages->(greater tubercle humerus)
synergist flexion humerus |
|
extension of humerus
|
teres major, latissimus dorsi
|
|
teres major
|
inferior angle scapula->(lesser tubercle humerus)
PM extension humerus |
|
latissimus dorsi
|
6-12th thor vert, lumbo-dorsal fascia, iliac crest->(occipital groove humerus)
synergist ext humerus |
|
abduction of humerus
|
deltoideus, supraspinatus
|
|
deltoideus
|
clavicle, acromion & spine scapula->(deltoid tuberosity humerus)
PM abduction |
|
supraspinatus
|
supraspinous fossa->(greater tubercle humerus, posterior side)
synergist abduction |
|
adduction of humerus
|
pectoralis major (PM), syn:coracobrachialis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, teres minor
|
|
teres minor
|
axillary border scapula->(greater tubercle humerus, posterior side)
syn adduction |
|
lateral rotation of humerus
|
infraspinatus, teres minor (syn)
|
|
infraspinatus
|
infraspinous fossa->(greater tubercle humerus, posterior side)
PM lateral rotation |
|
medial rotation of humerus
|
latissimus dorsi (PM), pectoralis major, teres major
|
|
flexion of forearm
|
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis (when one PM, others are the syn)
|
|
biceps brachii
|
coracoid proc scapula, upper border glenoid cavity->(radial tuberosity)
PM flexion when hand supinated |
|
brachialis
|
mid humerus->(coronoid proc ulna)
PM flexion when hand pronated |
|
brachioradialis
|
distal humerus->(styloid proc radius)
PM flexion when hand semi-supinated |
|
flexion of leg/extension of thigh
|
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
|
|
biceps femoris:long head
|
ischial tuberosity->(head of fibula)
lateral side of thigh |
|
biceps femoris: short head
|
linea aspera of femur->(head of fibula)
|
|
biceps femoris action
|
long head PM (lat side); pull leg upward & backward
|
|
semitendinosus
|
ischial tuberosity->(prox & medial tibia)
PM (medial side) flexion leg/ext thigh |
|
semimembranosus
|
ischial tuberosity->(medial condyle tibia)
syn flex leg/ext thigh |
|
flexion of leg/adduction thigh
|
gracilis
|
|
gracilis
|
pubic symphysis->(proximal medial tibia)
PM medial side of thigh |
|
flexion leg/flexion thigh
|
sartorius
|
|
sartorius
|
anterior superior iliac spine->(prox medial tibia)
PM flex leg/thigh |
|
extension leg/flex thigh
|
quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis
|
|
retus femoris
|
anterior inferior iliac spine->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
|
|
vastus lateralis
|
linea aspera & greater trochanter->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
|
|
vastus medialis
|
linea aspera->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
|
|
vastus intermedialis
|
anterior femur->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
|
|
plantar flex foot/flex leg
|
gastrocnemius
|
|
gastrocnemius
|
lateral medial condyles femur->calcaneal/achilles tendon->(calcaneus)
PM plantar flex foot/flex leg |
|
plantar flex foot only
|
soleus
|
|
soleus
|
proximal tibia & fibula->calcaneal tendon->(calcaneus)
syn plantar flex foot |
|
dorsiflexion foot
|
tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius
|
|
tibialis anterior
|
lateral condyle tibia->(1st tarsal & 1st metatarsal)
dorsiflex's medial side |
|
peroneus tertius
|
distal fibula->(5th metatarsal)
dorsiflex's lateral side |
|
eversion of foot
|
peroneus longus
|
|
peroneus longus
|
head of fibula(lat side)->(1st metatarsal & 2nd tarsal)
PM eversion foot |
|
eversion (syn) foot/plantar flex (syn) foot
|
peroneus brevis
|
|
peroneus brevis
|
middle fibula->(5th metatarsal)
|
|
inversion (PM) & plantar flex foot (syn)
|
tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior
|
|
tibialis posterior
|
porximal tibia & fibula->(prox tarsals, 2-4th metatarsals)
|
|
flexion of small toes
|
flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis
|
|
flexor digitorum longus
|
proximal tibia->4 sperate tendons->(distal phalanges of 4 small toes)
PM flex small toes |
|
flexor digitorum brevis
|
calcaneus->4 smaller tendons->(middle phalanges of 4 small toes)
syn flex small toes |
|
flexion of big toe
|
flexor hallicis longus, flexor hallicis brevis
|
|
flexor hallicic longus
|
proximal fibula->(distal phalange big toe)
PM flexion big toe |
|
flexor hallicis brevis
|
tarsals->(prox phalange big toe)
syn flex big toe |
|
extension of small toes
|
extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis
|
|
extensor digitorum longus
|
lateral condyle tibia, proximal fibula->4tendons->(middle & distal phalanges small toes)
PM ext small toes |
|
extensor digitorum brevis
|
calcaneus->4 tendons->(middle and distal phalanges small toes)
syn ext small toes |
|
extension big toe
|
extensor hallicis longus, extensor hallicis brevis
|
|
extensor hallicis longus
|
middle fibula->(distal phalange of big toe)
PM ext big toe |
|
extensor hallicis brevis
|
calcaneus->(prox phalange big toe)
syn ext big toe |
|
muscles of respiration
|
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal cartilage muscles
|
|
diaphragm
|
contrxn causes inhalation of air pulled into lungs
|
|
external intercostal muscles
|
1.found in intercostal spaces connecting ribs together 2.contrxn assists diaphragm in inhalation of air
|
|
internal intercostal muscles
|
1.only fxn during functional exercise 2.contrxn causes forced exhalation out of lungs
|
|
abdominal wall muscles (4)
|
external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis
|
|
external obliques
|
most superficial layer
|
|
transversus abdominis
|
run horizontally
|
|
rectus abdominis
|
run vertically
|
|
actions of all abdominal wall muscles
|
compress abdomen to assist in forced expiration, tension in trunk (posture), urination/micturation, childbirth/parturation, vomitting, defecation
|
|
extension forearm
|
triceps brachii: lateral, long, and medial heads
|
|
triceps brachii
|
a) origin: long head of the axillary border of the scapula
b) insertion: olecranon process of the ulna |
|
mvmt of hand @ wrist
|
flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
|
|
flexor carpi radialis- lateral side of wrist
|
1) origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
2) insertion: 2nd metacarpal |
|
palmaris longus
|
1) origin- medial epicondyle humerus
2) insertion- flexor retinaculum of wrist |
|
flexor caarpi ulnaris- medial side
|
) origin- medial edpicondyle of humerus; olecranon of ulna
2) insertion- 5th metacarpal |
|
extension of hand @ wrist
|
extensor carpi radialis longus (PM)
extensor carpi radialis brevis (SYN) extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum communis |
|
extensor carpi radialis longus
|
a) origin- distal humerus
b) insertion- 2nd metacarpal |
|
extensor carpi radialis brevis
|
a) origin- lateral epicondyle humerus
b) insertion- 3rd metacarpal |
|
extensor carpi ulnaris
|
a) origin- lateral epicondyle of the humerus
b) insertion- 5th metacarpal |
|
extensor digitorum communis
|
a) origin- lateral epicondyle of the humerus
b) insertion- distal phalanges of fingers |
|
abduction of hand
|
1) extensor carpis radialis (PM)- lateral side of wrist
2) extensor carpi radialis brevis (SYN) 3) flexor carpi radialis (SYN) |
|
adduction of hand
|
1) extensor carpi ulnaris (PM)
2) flexor carpi ulnaris (SYN) |
|
supination of hand
|
supinator: lateral epicondyle humerus
|
|
supinator
|
i. Origin- proximal ulna
ii. Insertion- anterior proximal radius |
|
pronation of hand
|
pronator teres, medial epicondyle humerus, pronator quadratus
|
|
medial epicondyle humerus
|
i. Origin- coronoid proc. Ulna
ii. Insertion- med. radius lateral edge |
|
pronator quadratus
|
i. Origin- distal ulna
ii. Insertion- distal radius |
|
flexion of fingers
|
flexor digitorum profundus
|
|
flexor digitorum profundus
|
1) origin- proximal ulna > common tendon>
2) insertion- 4 tendons: one to each- distal phalange of the fingers |
|
extension of fingers
|
extensor digitorum communis
|
|
flexion of thumb
|
flexor pollicis longus (PM), flexor pollicus brevis (SYN)
|
|
flexor pollicis longus (PM
|
1) origin- proximal to mid radius
2) insertion- distal phalange thumb |
|
flexor pollicus brevis (SYN)
|
1) origin- flexor retinaculum: 1st carpal
2) insertion- proximal phlange thumb; pull thumb forward and upward |
|
extension of thumb
|
extensor pollicis longus: pM, extensor pollicis brevis (SYN)
|
|
extensor pollicis longus: pM
|
1) origin- mid ulna
2) insertion- distal phalange thumb |
|
extensor pollicis brevis (SYN)
|
1) origin- mid RADIUS
2) insertion- proximal phalange thumb |
|
abduction of thumb
|
abductor pollicis longus (PM)
abductor pollicis brevis (SYN) |
|
abductor pollicis longus (PM)
|
1) origin- mid radius and ulna
2) insertion- 1st metacarpal- on side, instead on anterior of phalanges |
|
abductor pollicis brevis (SYN)
|
1) origin- flexor retinaculum
2) insertion- proximal phalange thumb |
|
adduction of thumb
|
adductor pollicis
|
|
adductor pollicis
|
1) origin- 1st carpal, 2nd and 3 rd metacarpals
2) insertion- proximal phalange thumb |
|
flexion of thigh/femur
|
psoas major, iliacus
|
|
psoas major
|
1) origin- transves processes of all lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
2) insertion- lesser trochanter of femur |
|
iliacus
|
1) origin- iliac crest
2) insertion- lesser trochanter of femur |
|
extension of thigh/femur
|
gluteus maximus
|
|
gluteus maximus
|
1) origin- iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
2) insertion- posterior fermus, fascia lata, iliotibial tract |
|
abduction of femur/thigh
|
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
|
|
gluteus medius
|
1) origin- laeral surgace ilium
2) insertion- lateral surface greater trochanter of femur |
|
gluteus minimus
|
1) origin- lateral surface ilium
2) insertion- greater trochanter femur |
|
tensor fascia lata
|
1) origin- lateral liac crest
2) insertion- fascia lata, iliotibial tract, lateral condyle of tibia 3) produces tension in thigh with some abduction |
|
adduction of thigh/femur
|
adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus
|
|
adductor magnus
|
1) origin- inferior pubic ramus, iscial ramus, ischial tuberosity
2) insertion- linea aspera femur |
|
adductor longus
|
1) origin- pubic crest, pubic symphis
2) insertion- linea aspera ferumr |
|
adductor brevis
|
1) origin- inferior pubic ramus
2) insertion- posterior medial fermur |
|
pectineus
|
1) origin- superior pubic ramus
2) insertion- linea aspera femur |