A&p Final

Front 1

Regions of the brain and functions- cerebrum:

Back 1

Conscious thoughts, sensations, intellect, memory, and complex movements all originate in the cerebrum.

Front 2

cerebellum:

Back 2

Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
(The cerebellum adjusts ongoing movements by comparing arriving sensations with previously experienced sensations, allowing you to perform the same movements over and over)

Front 3

diencephalon:

Back 3

Relay and processing centers for sensory information and it controls emotions and hormone production

Front 4

mesencephalon:

Back 4

process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli

Front 5

pons:

Back 5

Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus

Front 6

, medulla oblongata:

Back 6

relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centers in other portions of the brain stem.

Front 7

Embryological development of brain structures:
• prosencephalon
• mesencephalon
• rhombencephalon

Back 7

Neural tube
Origin of brain
Enlarges into three primary brain vesicles
• prosencephalon- telencephalon-cerebrum- contains lateral ventricle
• prosencephalon-diencephalon- diencephalon-contains third ventricle
• mesencephalon-midbrain- cerebral aqueduct
• rhombencephalon-metencephalon-cerebellum &pons-contains fourth ventricle
• rhombencephalon- myelencephalon-medulla oblongata-fourth ventricle

Front 8

Blood supply to brain:
-Delivered by
-Removed from and by

Back 8

Supplies nutrients and oxygen to brain
Delivered by internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
Removed from dural sinuses by internal jugular veins

Front 9

Ventricles:
Each cerebral hemisphere contains:
Separated by:

Back 9

Ventricles of the Brain
Origins of ventricles
Neural tube encloses neurocoel
Neurocoel expands to form chambers (ventricles) lined with ependymal cells
Each cerebral hemisphere contains one large lateral ventricle
Separated by a thin medial partition (septum pellucidum)

Front 10

Third ventricle
Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle via:

Back 10

Ventricle of the diencephalon
Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle:
via interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

Front 11

Fourth ventricle
Connects with third ventricle via:

Back 11

Extends into medulla oblongata
Becomes continuous with central canal of the spinal cord
Connects with third ventricle:
via narrow canal in mesencephalon
aqueduct of midbrain

Front 12

CSF, choroid plexus, blood brain barrier:
Functions of CSF

Back 12

Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
Interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain
Functions of CSF
Cushions delicate neural structures
Supports brain
Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

Front 13

Choroid plexus

Back 13

Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries:
secrete CSF into ventricles
remove waste products from CSF
adjust composition of CSF
• Produces about 500 mL of CSF/day

Front 14

Blood–Brain Barrier
• Astrocytes

Back 14

• Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation
• Formed by network of tight junctions
• Between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries
• Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord
• Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium

Front 15

Meninges- structure, function:

Back 15

Have three layers:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Are continuous with spinal meninges
Protect the brain from cranial trauma

Front 16

Limbic system. & ITS COMPONENTS:

Back 16

The Limbic System
Is a functional grouping that
Establishes emotional states
Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem
Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

Front 17

Components of the Limbic System:
Amygdaloid body

Back 17

Acts as interface between the limbic system, the cerebrum, and various sensory systems

Front 18

Limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere/
consists of three superficial folds or gyri which conceal the hippocampus(4 storage)

Back 18

Cingulate gyrus
Dentate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus

Front 19

Fornix

Back 19

Tract of white matter
Connects hippocampus with hypothalamus

Front 20

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Back 20

Relays information from mamillary body to cingulate gyrus

Front 21

Reticular formation

Back 21

Stimulation or inhibition affects emotions (rage, fear, pain, sexual arousal, pleasure)

Front 22

(KNOW THIS IN DETAIL)Cerebrum- lobes, hemispheres, regions, cortexes, association areas, integrative centers, interpretive areas:

Back 22

Is the largest part of the brain
Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions
Processes somatic sensory and motor information

Front 23

Gray matter

Back 23

In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

Front 24

White matter

Back 24

Deep to basal cortex
Around basal nuclei
Structures of the Cerebrum

Front 25

Gyri of neural cortex

Back 25

Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons)

Front 26

Insula (island) of cortex

Back 26

Lies medial to lateral sulcus

Front 27

Longitudinal fissure

Back 27

Separates cerebral hemispheres

Front 28

Lobes

Back 28

Divisions of hemispheres

Front 29

Central sulcus divides

Back 29

Anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe

Front 30

Lateral sulcus divides

Back 30

Frontal lobe from temporal lobe

Front 31

Parieto-occipital sulcus divides

Back 31

Parietal lobe from occipital lobe

Front 32

Three Functional Principles of the Cerebrum

Back 32

Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body
The two hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike
Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise

Front 33

White Matter of the Cerebrum

Back 33

Association fibers
Commissural fibers
Projection fibers

Front 34

Association fibers:
arcuate fibers:
longitudinal fasciculi:

Back 34

Connections within one hemisphere:
arcuate fibers:
are short fibers
connect one gyrus to another
longitudinal fasciculi:
are longer bundles
connect frontal lobe to other lobes in same hemisphere

Front 35

Commissural fibers

Back 35

Bands of fibers connecting two hemispheres:
corpus callosum
anterior commissure

Front 36

Projection fibers

Back 36

Pass through diencephalon
Link cerebral cortex with:
diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Internal capsule:
all ascending and descending projection fibers

Front 37

Basal nuclei: Also called cerebral nuclei

Back 37

• Are masses of gray matter
• Are embedded in white matter of cerebrum
• Direct subconscious activities
• The coordination of learned movement patterns (walking, lifting)

Front 38

Association Areas:

Back 38

regions of the cortex that interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response

Front 39

1)The somatic sensory association area

Back 39

monitors activity in the primary sensory cortex. It is the somatic sensory association area that allows you to recognize a touch as light as the arrival of a mosquito on your arm (and gives you a chance to swat the mosquito before it bites).

Front 40

2) visual association area

Back 40

monitors the patterns of activity in the visual cortex and interprets the results.

Front 41

3) auditory association area

Back 41

moni- tors sensory activity in the auditory cortex

Front 42

Somatic motor association area

Back 42

is responsible for the coordination of learned movements e.g frontal eye field, controls learned eye movements, such as when you scan these lines of type.

Front 43

Integrative Centers:

Back 43

Integrative centers are areas that receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities. Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes, such as speech, writing, mathematical computation, and understanding spatial relationships, are restricted to either the left or the right hemi- sphere. These centers include the general interpretive area and the speech center.

Front 44

The General Interpretive Area:

Back 44

This analytical center is present in only one hemisphere (typically the left). This region plays an essential role in your personality by integrating sensory information and coordinating access to complex visual and auditory memories. Damage to the general interpretive area affects the ability to interpret what is seen or heard, even though the words are understood as individual entities. e.g understand sit but not sit here.

Front 45

Hemispheric lateralization- function of each hemisphere:/

Back 45

Functional differences between left and right hemispheres
• Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere

Front 46

• The Left Hemisphere/

Back 46

• In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls
• Reading, writing, and math
• Decision making
• Speech and language

Front 47

• The Right Hemisphere/

Back 47

• Right cerebral hemisphere relates to
• Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel)
• Recognition (faces, voice inflections)

Front 48

Four categories of brain waves.(HOW THEY DIFFER): Alpha waves/

Back 48

Found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes closed

Front 49

Beta waves/

Back 49

Higher frequency
Found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed

Front 50

Theta waves/

Back 50

Found in children
Found in intensely frustrated adults
May indicate brain disorder in adults

Front 51

Delta waves/

Back 51

During sleep
Found in awake adults with brain damage

Front 52

Cranial nerves- name, number, function, branches.
Olfactory Nerves (I)/

Back 52

Primary function
Special sensory (smell)

Front 53

Optic Nerves (II)/
Primary function

Back 53

Special sensory (vision

Front 54

Oculomotor Nerves (III)/

Back 54

Primary function
Motor (eye movements)

Front 55

The Trochlear Nerves (IV)/

Back 55

Primary function
Motor (eye movements)

Front 56

The Abducens Nerves (VI)/

Back 56

Primary function
Motor (eye movements)

Front 57

The Trigeminal Nerves (V)/

Back 57

Primary function
• Mixed (sensory and motor) to face

Front 58

The Abducens Nerves (VI)/

Back 58

Primary function
Motor (eye movements)

Front 59

The Facial Nerves (VII)/

Back 59

Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face

Front 60

The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)/

Back 60

Primary function: special sensory
Vestibular branch:
balance and equilibrium
Cochlear branch:
hearing

Front 61

The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)/

Back 61

Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck

Front 62

The Vagus Nerves (X)/

Back 62

Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor)
Widely distributed in thorax and abdomen

Front 63

The Accessory Nerves (XI)/

Back 63

Primary function
Motor to muscles of neck and upper back

Front 64

The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)/

Back 64

Primary function
Motor (tongue movements)