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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy
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The study of the structure & organization of the body and the relationships of body parts to one another.
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Define Physiology
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The study of the function of the body and its parts.
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Cellular Level
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Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body because all processes of life occur within cells. *Muscle cells, blood cells, nerve cells
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Components of Integumentary System
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Skin, hair, nails, associated glands
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Components of Respiratory System
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Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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Body Regions
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Axial (head, neck & trunk) and Appendicular (upper (arms) & lower (legs) extremities)
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Cephalic
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the HEAD; cranial & facial regions
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Cervical
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the NECK
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cranial
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part of head containing brain
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facial
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the FACE
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abdominal - ANTERIOR TRUNK
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region between lowest ribs & pelvis (hip bones)
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abdominopelvic - ANTERIOR TRUNK
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composed of abdomin & pelvis regions
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inguinal - ANTERIOR TRUNK
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the GROIN
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pectoral
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the CHEST
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pelvic
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region enclosed by pelvic bones
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sternal - ANTERIOR TRUNK
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region over breastbone & between 2 pectoral regions
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dorsum - POSTERIOR TRUNK
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posterior surface of thorax
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gluteal - POSTERIOR TRUNK
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the BUTTOCKS
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lumbar - POSTERIOR TRUNK
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lower back region beween lowest ribs & pelvis
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sacral - POSTERIOR TRUNK
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region over sacrum & between buttocks
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vertebral - POSTERIOR TRUNK
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region over backbone
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axillary - LATERAL TRUNK
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the ARMPITS
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coxal - LATERAL TRUNK
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the HIPS
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genital - INFERIOR TRUNK
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external reproductive organs
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perineal - INFERIOR TRUNK
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small region between anus & external reproductive organs
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antebrachial - UPPER EXTREMITY
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forearm
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antecubital - UPPER EXTREMITY
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anterior portion of elbow joint
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brachial - UPPER EXTREMITY
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upper arm
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carpal - UPPER EXTREMITY
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wrist
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cubital - UPPER EXTREMITY
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posterior portion of elbow joint
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digital - UPPER EXTREMITY
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fingers
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olecranal - UPPER EXTREMITY
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posterior surface of elbow joint
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palmar - UPPER EXTREMITY
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palm of hand
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crural - LOWER EXTREMITY
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anterior surface of leg
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digital - LOWER EXTREMITY
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toes
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femoral - LOWER EXTREMITY
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thigh
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patellar - LOWER EXTREMITY
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anterior portion of knee joint
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pedal - LOWER EXTREMITY
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foot
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plantar - LOWER EXTREMITY
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sole of foot
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popliteal - LOWER EXTREMITY
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posterior portion of knee joint
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sural - LOWER EXTREMITY
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calf of leg
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transverse/horizontal planes
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divides body into superior & inferior portions; perpendicular to sagittal planes & longitudinal axis of body
*cross-sections |
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sagittal planes
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divides body into right & left portions; parallel to longitudinal axis of body
*longitudinal sections |
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midsagittal/medial planes
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passes through midline of body; divides body into equal left & right halves
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coronal/frontal planes
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divides body into anterior & posterior portions; perpendicular to sagittal planes & parallel to longitudinal planes
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dorsal cavity
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subdivided into cranial cavity & vertebral canal
lined by 3 layers of protective membranes called meniges |
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cranial cavity
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houses the brain
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vertebral canal
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contains the spinal cord
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ventral cavity
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divided by the diaphragam into superior thoracic cavity & inferior abdominopelvic cavity
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thoracic cavity
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protected by rib cage; contains lungs & heart
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abdominopelvic cavity
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subdivided into superior abdominal cavity & inferior pelvic cavity; no structural seperation
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abdominal cavity
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contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen & kidneys
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pelvic cavity
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contains urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum & internal reproductive organs
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meninges
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group of 3 membranes that envelope the brain & spinal cord
*dorsal cavity |
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serous membranes
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line enclosed body cavaties
*ventral cavity & surfaces of internal organs |
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pleurae/pleural membranes
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serious membranes that line thoracic cavity & surface of lungs
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Homestasis
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maintenance of a dynamically stable internal environment
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negative-feedback mechanism
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maintains homeostasis & most physiological processes
*sensor, control center, effectors |
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positive-feedback mechanism
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promotes a change from the norm.
ex. contractions after child birth or blood clot formation |
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lipids
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class of organic compounds that includes steroids, triglycerides & phospholipids.
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Proteins
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complex nitrogen-containing organic compound whose molecules consist of many amino acids.
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Nucleic acids
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DNA & RNA
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DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
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composes hereditary portions of chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
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RNA - ribonucleic acid
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carries coded instructions from DNA to cellular machinery involved in protein synthesis.
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Nucleus
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STRUCTURE: largest organelle; contains chromosomes & nucleoli
FUNCTION: controls cellular functions |
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ribosomes
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STRUCTURE: tiny granules of rRNA & protein either associated with RER of free in cytoplasm
FUNCTION: sites of protein synthesis |
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mitochondria
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STRUCTURE: contain a folded membrane w/in a smaller exterior membrane
FUNCTION: sites of aerobic cellular respiration that form ATP from breakdown of nutrients. |
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lysosomes
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STRUCTURE: smaller vesicles containing strong digestive enzymes
FUNCTION: digest foreign substances or worn-out parts of cells |
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hypertonic - OSMOSIS
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a solution with higher concentration of solutes & lower concentration of water
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hypotonic - OSMOSIS
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a solution with lower concentration of solutes & higher concentration of water
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simple squamous epithelium tissue
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STRUCTURE: single layer of flattened cells
LOCATION: inner lining of heart, blood vessels & ventral cavity; forms air sacs of lungs & glomeruli of kidneys FUNCTION: absorption, secretion, filtration |
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simple cuboidal epithelium tissue
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STRUCTURE: single layer of CUBE-shaped cells
LOCATION: forms kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, surface layer of ovaries FUNCTION: absorption, secretion |
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simple columnar epithelium tissue
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STRUCTURE: single layer of COLUMN-shaped cells; contains scattered goblet cells
LOCATION: lines interior of stomach, intestines & ducts of many glands FUNCTION: absorption, secretion |
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adipose tissue
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special type of loose connective tissue
STRUCTURE: closely packed fat cells LOC/FUNC: forms protective cushion around organs; insulates body; energy storage |
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fibrous connective tissue
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abundance of tightly packed collagenous fibers & relatively few cells.
***main component of ligaments, tendons & inner layer of skin |
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lamellae
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layers of solid bone matrix in compact bone
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osteocytes
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a bone cell
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intercalated disks
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dark-staining membrane at the junction of adjoining cardiac muscle tissue
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neuroglia
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tissue in the central nervous system that supports the neurons
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dendrite
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neuron process that carries impulses toward the cell body
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axon
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neuron process that carries impulses away from the neuron cell body
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epidermis
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outer layer of skin
stratum basale (innermost layer) stratum corneum (outermost layer) |
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HYPODERMIS consists of...
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loose connective tissue & adipose tissue
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what determines SKIN COLOR..
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Melanin is most important; HEMOGLOBIN (red pigment), CAROTENE (yelllow pigment)
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sebaceous glands
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produce sebum, an oily secretion that is emptied into hair follicles
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apocrine gland
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occur in axillary & genital areas & secrete a thick perspiration into hair follicles
*sweat gland |
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eccrine gland
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occur all over the body & secrete a watery perspiration that is carried directly to the surface of the skin
*sweat gland |
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ceruminous gland
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located in external auditory canal & secrete a waxy substance called cerumen
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diaphysis
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long shaft of bone that lies between the epiphysis
**LONG BONE** |
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epiphysis
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the enlarged ends of the bone
**LONG BONE** |
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SPONGY BONE is filled with...
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red marrow
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how many FACIAL BONES?
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zygomatic(2), ethmoid(1), sphenoid(1)
22 cranial/facial bones total** (8 cranial, 14 facial) |
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infant skull FONTANELS...
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soft spots, which allow for skull flexibility during birth
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STERNUM (bones that form it)
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formed of 3 fused bones; manubrium, body & xiphoid process
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TIBIA (articulation w/ fibula)
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the distal end articulates w/ the talus, tarsus bone & laterally w/ fibula
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HUMERUS (articulation w/ ulna)
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articulates w/ the ulna to form the elbow joint
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SUSTAINED CONTRACTION also known as...
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tetanic contraction
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Define ORIGIN
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immoveable attachment of a muscle
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Define INSERTION
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moveable attachment of a muscle
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RECTUS - muscle of abdominopelvic wall
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ORIGIN: pubic symphysis & pubic crest
ACTION: tightens abdominopelvic wall; compresses internal organs, flexes vertebral column |
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EXTERNAL - muscle of abdominal wall
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ORIGIN: anterior surface of lower 8 ribs
ACTION: tightens abdominopelvic wall & compresses internal organs |
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HAMSTRINGS - muscles that move leg
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3 distinct muscles of the posterior thigh
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
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biceps femoris
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flexes & rotates leg laterally; extends thigh
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semitendinosus
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flexes & rotates leg medially; extends thigh
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semimembranosus
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flexes & rotates medially; extends thigh
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Define SYNAPSE
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the junction between a neuron & another cell
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Types of neurons: SENSORY
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carry impulses from the peripheral parts of the body to the CNS
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Sensory: GANGLIA
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a group of neuron cell bodies
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NEUROGLIA
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provide support & protection for neurons
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Neuroglia: ASTROCYTES
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primary supporting cells for neurons in the brain
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Neuroglia: SCHWANN CELLS
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occur only in the peripheral nervous system, where they form the myelin sheath around axons
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Function of CEREBRUM
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interprets sensations, initiates voluntary motor responses & is involved in will, personality traits & intellectual processes.
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HYPOTHALAMUS, control center for...
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autonomic nervous system
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM consists of...
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cranial & spinal nerves
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CERVICAL PLEXUS, how many vertebrae & nerves?
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4 vertebrae & 8 nerves
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BRACHIAL PLEXUS, how many vertebrae & nerves?
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10 nerves, 5 vertebrae
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Sensations; functions of CEREBRAL CORTEX
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the outer layer of the cerebrum that is composed of gray matter
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taste cells
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taste receptors
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Middle ear - OSSICLES
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3 tiny bones that articulate to form a lever system from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
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Lacrimal apparatus (tear flow)
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structures involved in the production and removal of tears
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Functions of CORNEA
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allows entrance of light and bends light rays
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Functions of LENS
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bends light rays & focuses them on the retina
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Hormone secretion: HYPOSECRETION
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production of insufficient amount of secretion
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Hormone secretion: HYPERSECRETION
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production of an excessive amount of secretion
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PITUITARY GLAND release of hormones controlled by..
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hypothalamus
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Oxytocin
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CONTROL: stretches uterus, stimulates nipples
ACTION: stimulates contractions of uterus in childbirth & of milk glands when nursing infant |
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LH - luteinizing hormone
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CONTROL: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
ACTION: in females, promotes ovulation, secretion of progesterone by ovaries, preparation of uterus to receive embryo & preparation of mammary glands for milk secretion. In males, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone |
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TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone
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CONTROL: thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
ACTION: stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormone |
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ADRENALINE/EPINEPHRINE
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a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress
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MELATONIN
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a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that influences reproductive cycles
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Normal HEMATOCRIT levels
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adult males 47%
adult females 42% |
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T Lymphocytes
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directly attack & destroy pathogens (bacteria & viruses)
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B Lymphocytes
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produce antibodies that attack bacteria & bacterial toxins (poisons)
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Plasma proteins - ALBUMINS
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an abundant plasma protein that helps maintain the osmotic pressure of blood
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MONOCYTES, what are they?
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the largest WBCs
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Nonprotein nitrogen substances (waste removal)
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include AMINO ACIDS, which are nutrients formed by digestion of protein in the intestines & absorbed by blood, and UREA & URIC ACIDS, which are waste products of protein & nucleoprotein breakdown
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Type 'A' blood
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Ab
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Type 'B' blood
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Ba
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Type 'AB' blood
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A & B antigen, NO antibodies
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Type 'O' blood
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NO antigenss, a & b antibodies
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ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES prevent backflow from - to?
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from the VENTRICLE to the ATRIUM
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Flow of blood thru the heart, _______ carries oxygenated blood.
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RED colored vessels
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Flow of blood thru the heart, _______ carries deoxygenated blood.
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chambers & BLUE colored vessels
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coronary sinus
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veins empty into, which drains in the right atrium
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medulla oblongata
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the part of the brain stem that is continuous with the spinal cord
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interstitial fluid
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tissue fluid; envelops tissue cells
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4 factors that affect blood pressure
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cardiac output - vol of blood pumped by heart in 1 min.
blood volume - amt of blood peripheral resistance - friction of blood against walls of blood vessels blood viscosity - resistance of a liquid to flow |
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vertebral arteries
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supplies the neck & brain; branch from subclavian, passes upward thru foramina to cranium
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carotids
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arteries branch from to supply blood to neck & brain
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lymph: Respiratory movements
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enables lymph movement in thorax & abdomen
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lymph: Skeletal movements
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lymph movement in arms & legs
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SPLEEN functions
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lymphatic & cardiovascular functions; cleanses/filters blood, stores RBCs, major site for RBC detruction/removal, major site for lymphocyte production, stores 1/3 of body's platelet supply
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Mechanical barriers: MUCOUS MEMBRANES
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secrete mucous that entraps bacteria & prevents contact w/ underlying membranes
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Mechanical barriers: SKIN MEMBRANES
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epidermal cells make it difficult for bacteria to penetrate; acid pH of skin discourages bacterial growth
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