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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Abiotic
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Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter
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Ch 1
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Atmosphere
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The thin layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
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Ch1
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Uneven development
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The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
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Ch 1
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Primate city
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The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement
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Ch 12
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Undernourishment
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Dietary energy consumptions that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy lit and carrying out light physical activity
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Ch 10
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Truck farming
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Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle East word meaning "bartering"
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Ch 10
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Transhumance
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The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
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Ch 10
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Thresh
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To beat out grain from talks.
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Ch 10
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Tertiary sector
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The portions of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment
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Ch 9
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Supply
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The quantity of something that producers have available for sale
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Ch 9
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Structural adjustment program
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Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing gov't spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services
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Ch 9
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Secondary sector
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The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials
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Ch 9
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State
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An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established gov't that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
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Ch 8
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Sovereignty
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Ability of state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
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Ch 8
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Racist
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A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
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Ch 7
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Racism
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Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an he rent superiority of a particular race
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Ch 7
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Sect
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A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
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Ch 6
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Vulgar Latin
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Form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents
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Ch 5
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Standard language
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The from of a language used for official gov't business, education, and mass communications
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Ch 5
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Spanglish
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A combo of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans
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Ch 5
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Received Pronunciations
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The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the UK
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Ch 5
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Total fertility rate
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The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
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Ch 2
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Housing bubble
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A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value
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Ch 1
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Biosphere
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All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms
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Ch 1
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Agnosticism
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Belief that nothing can be knows about wether God exists
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Ch 6
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Biotic
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Composed of living organisms
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Ch 1
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Solstice
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An astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the sun, causing the sun's apparent position in the sky to reach its northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year
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Ch 6
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Syncretic
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A religion that combines several traditions
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Ch 6
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Universalizing religion
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A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location
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Ch 6
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Sharecropper
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A person who works fields rented from a land owner and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of crops
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Ch 7
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Triangular slave trade
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A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean, and trade goods from Europe to Africa
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Ch 7
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Terrorism
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The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or correct a gov't into granting its demands
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Ch 8
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Unitary state
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An internal organizations of a state that places most power in the hands of central gov't officials
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Ch 8
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Zero population growth
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A decline of he total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
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Ch 2
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Wet rice
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Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moves to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
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Ch 10
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Winnow
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To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
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Ch 10
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Winter wheat
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Wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer
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Ch 10
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Acid deposition
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Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter there atmosphere--where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-- and return to earth's surface
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Ch 11
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Post-Fordist production
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Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks
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Ch 11
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Right-to-work law
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A US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment
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Ch 11
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Urbanized area
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In the US, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants
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Ch 13
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Primate city rule
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A pattern of settlements in a country in such that the largest settlements has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
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Culture
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The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition
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Ch 11
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Animism
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Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life
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Ch 6
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Cultural ecology
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A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
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Ch 1
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Textile
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A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing
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Ch 11
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Situation factors
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Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
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Ch 11
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Site factors
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Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital
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Ch 11
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Sanitary landfill
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A place to deposit solid wast, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin
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Ch 11
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Public services
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Services offered by the gov't to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
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Ch 12
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Range (of a service)
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The max distance people are willing to travel to use a service
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Ch 12
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Atheism
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Belief that God doesn't exist
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Ch 6
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Quotas
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In reference to migration, laws that place max limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
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Ch 3
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Acid precipitation
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Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to earth as rain, snow, or fog
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Ch 11
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Rank-size rule
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A pattern of settlements in a country such the nth largest settlements in 1/n in the population of the largest settlement
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Ch 12
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Service
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Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
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Ch 12
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Settlement
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A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants
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Ch 12
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Threshold
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The minimum number of people needed to support a service
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Ch 12
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Cartography
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The science of making maps
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Ch 1
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Climate
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The long-term average weather condition at a particular location
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Ch 1
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Concentration
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The spread of something over a given area
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Ch 1
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Connection
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Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
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Ch 1
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Balance of power
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A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
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Ch 8
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Autocracy
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A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people
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Ch 8
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Anocracy
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A country that is not fully democratic of fully autocratic, but rater displays a mix of the two types
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Ch 8
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Habit
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A repetitive act performed by a particular individual
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Ch 4
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Agriculture
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The deliberate effort to modify a portion of earth;s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
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Ch 10
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Urban area
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A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core
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Ch 13
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Agricultural density
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The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
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Ch 2
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Arithmetic density
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The total number of people divided by the total land area
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Ch 2
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Census
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A complete enumeration of a population
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Ch 2
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Asylum seeker
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Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
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Ch 3
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Industrial Revolution
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A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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Ch 2
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Cottage industry
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Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the industrial revolution
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Ch 2
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Cultural landscape
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The fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
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Ch 1
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Sprawl
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Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
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Ch 13
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Smart growth
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Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
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Ch 13
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Apartheid
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Laws in South Africa the physically separated different races into different geographic areas
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Ch 7
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Agricultural revolution
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A time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
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Ch 10
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Agribusiness
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Comercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
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Ch 10
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Uneven development
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The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
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Ch 9
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Housing bubble
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A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value
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Ch 9
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Value added
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The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
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Ch 9
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Conservation
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The sustainable management of a natural resource
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Ch 1
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Contagious diffusion
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The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
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Ch 1
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Vertical integration
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An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process
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Ch 11
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Demography
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The scientific study of population characteristics
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Ch 2
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Distance decay
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The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
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Ch 1
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Diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
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Ch 1
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Taboo
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A restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom
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Ch 4
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Urbanization
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An increases int percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements
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Ch 12
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Demographic transition
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The process of change in a society's population forma condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low both and death, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population
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Ch 2
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Crude death rate
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The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
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Ch 2
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Crude birth rate
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the total number of live bits in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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Ch 2
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Popular society
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Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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Ch 4
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Aquaculture
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The cultivation of seafood under under controlled condition
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Ch10
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Cereal grain
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A grass that years grain for food
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Ch 10
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Chaff
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Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing
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Ch 10
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Distribution
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The arrangement of something across Earth's surface
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Ch 1
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Autonomous religion
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A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
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Ch 6
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Boundary
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An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
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Ch 8
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Density
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The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
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Ch 1
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Biomass fuel
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Fuel that derives form plant material and animal waste
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Ch 9
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Adolescent fertility rate
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The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19
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Ch 9
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Active solar energy systems
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Solar energy systems that collect energy through the use of mechanical devices such as photovoltaic or flat plate collectors
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Ch 9
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City-state
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A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside
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Ch 8
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Industrial revolution
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A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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Ch 11
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Terroir
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The contribution of a locations's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
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Ch 4
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Elderly support ratio
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The number of working age people (15-64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older
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Ch 12
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Ecology
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The scientific study of ecosystems
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Ch 1
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Ecosystem
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A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact
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Ch 1
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Environmental determinism
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A nineteenth and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment causes human activities
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Ch 1
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Expansion diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an addictive process
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Ch 1
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Colonialism
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An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
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Ch 8
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Cottage industry
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Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the industrial revolution
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Ch 11
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Branch
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A large and fundamental division within a religion
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Ch 6
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Dependency ratio
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The number of people under the age 15 and over age 64 compares to the number of people active in the labor force
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Ch 2
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Doubling time
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The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant are of natural increase
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Ch 2
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Ecumene
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The portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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Ch 2
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Balkanization
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A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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Ch 7
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Balkanized
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Descriptive of a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized inot one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long standing antagonisms toward each other
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Ch 7
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Rush hour
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The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic
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Ch 13
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Brain drain
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Large scale emigration by talented people
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Ch 3
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Creol (creolized language)
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A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
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Ch 5
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City-state
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A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside
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Ch 12
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