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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain |
- Marriage between Ferdinand and of Eregon and Isabella of Castille = 1 semi country - Unofficial police - Restructured noble council - Catholicism- national religion of Spain conversion and kicking out - Spanish Inquisition - Grew family to consolidate rule - Got money from all lthese things to use for other things - Largest source of wealth from Christopher Columbus |
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Age of exploration: Treaty of Tordesillas |
Colonial boundary lines between Spain and Portugal in the 15th and 164h centuries |
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Age of exploration: Christopher Columbus |
Traveled from Spain to the Bahamas and surrounding islands in the end of 14th to start of 15th centuries |
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Age of exploration: Bartholomew Dias |
Traveled their trade route around Africa to get to India because they aren't allowed to go through Turkey (Ottomen) which is shorter but didn't get past south Africa tip because they were scared of the unknown waters after that |
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Age of exploration: Portugese exploration |
Economic motivations: - rise of ottoman empire - loss of overland route |
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Age of exploration: 3 g's of exploration |
God - spread and expand Christianity to the America's and Asia Gold - European monarchs sought to gain wealth from finding gold and importing exotic goods Glory - sailors and conquistadors seek to discover new lands and build empires |
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Age of exploration: technological advancements |
Mercator projection -catrography (mapmaking) - Latitude - Map for sailing
Tools for measuring Latitude - magnetic compass - astrolobe - cross staff
Caravel (ship) - light, - maneuverable, - could sail into wind |
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Age of exploration: what |
An expansion of trade in Asia and colonization on the America's |
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Age of exploration: effects |
- increase in global trade and European dominance |
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Age of exploration: Columbian exchange |
Permanent trade relationship established between Eurpoe and the America's New goods introduced in both places More available goods and cheaper |
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Age of exploration: concurrent movement |
- New monarchies
- increase in royal power
- decrease in church and nobility power
- the infusion of wealth that came into Europe enriched monarchs and assisted them in implementing their goals of centralizing power |
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The commercial revolution |
- new economic system - the rise of capitalist economy - transition from a town centered to nation centered economy economy - slow
What caused it: - Opening of the Atlantic trade route - population growth - increase in prices (increased population led to increased demand for food, agricultural prices began to rise, increase in the volume of money due to increased money circulation and influx of gold and silver from South America)
Effects: - inflation - more defined social classes - increased commercial undertakings; rising prices and population represented more customers and profits for merchants - living costs increased |
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printing press before |
- slow communication - formal manuscripts - town criers - human and animal messengers
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Printing press after |
- new ideas travel faster - translations of the Bible - lessened the dependence of ordinary people on the clergy - broke the church's monopoly over dissemination of religious teachings - people could now consult their own religious scriptures and interpret - encouraged growth of vernacular literature
- helped in the birth of nationalism - increased demand for education (run by Renessiance humanists) - gave scholars more access to info and allowed them to collaborate - people questioned the teachings of Catholic church - Protestant Reformation |
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Printing press movable block type |
Movable reusable metal blocks Made books faster cheaper and more available |
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Italien Renaissance: background |
- Considered the beginning of modern European history - Occurred first in Italy, spread to Northern Europe, spread last to England |
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Italien Renaissance: culture |
- applied almost exclusively to the upper classes - they had the luxery of time to spend learning the classics
- peasantry was largely illiterate and the Renaissance ideas had little impact on common people - working classes and small merchants were far too preoccupied with the concerns of daily life |
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Italian Renaissance: rise of the Italian city states |
- developed international trade - oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) controlled much of Italy
- Italy became for urban, large populations, because of selling things |
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Italian Renaissance: politics among Italian states |
- balance of power pattern: weaker states would ally with other states to prevent a single state from dominating
- political disunity of the Italian city states led to their downfall when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy |
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Italian Renaissance: major city states and figures |
☆ Republic of Florence: center of the Renaissance, dominated by the Medici family
☆ Rome, the papal states: popes served both as religious and political leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Italian Renaissance: end |
☆ decline of the Italian city-states ☆ French invasions begin ☆ when Florence attempted to appease France during its invasion in 1494, it led to the overthrow of Medici family ☆ Although the Medici family returned to power, by then Florence was severely weakened ☆ Italy became a battleground Ina series of power struggles between Spain and France ☆ Spanish fears of a French-Italian alliance resulted in Spains alliance with Venice, the papal states, and the holy Roman empire ☆ sack of Rome: by armies of Holy Roman Empire emperor Charles V (king of Spain) symbolizes the end of the Renaissance in Italy |
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Italian Renaissance: philosophy |
☆ humanism ☆ emphasis on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman culture |
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Italian Renaissance: literature |
☆ humanism; secularism ☆ Northern Renaissance focuses also on writings of early church fathers ☆ vernacular ☆ covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories) ☆ focuses on the individual ☆ increased use of printing press; propaganda |
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Italian Renaissance: religion |
☆ state and monarchs over church ☆ rise of skepticism ☆ Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt |
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Italian Renaissance: sculpture |
☆ Greek and Roman classical influences ☆ free standing ☆ use of bronze |
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Italian Renaissance: Painting |
☆ increased emphasis on secular themes ☆ classic Greek and Roman ideals ☆ use of perspective ☆ increased use of oil paints ☆ brighter colors ☆ more emotion ☆ real people and settings depicted ☆ patronized largely by merchant princes and Renaissance popes |
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Italian Renaissance: architecture |
☆ rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns ☆ domes ☆ less detailed ☆ focus on balance and form |
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Italian Renaissance: status of women |
☆ legal status of noble and Middle class women declined ☆ most common women not affected by Renaissance ☆ educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men ☆ rape not considered serious crime |
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The Reformation: Catholic Church |
Many were critical of the Catholic Church and its clergy > papal tax collection ethos openly attacked > wealth and power of the church hierarchy was questioned > certain doctrines of the church were critiqued > many clerics holding several offices collected revenues from all their benefices but rarely if ever visited them > priests, monks, and nuns were excempt from civic responsibilities and taxes, yet religious orders held large amounts of urban property |
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The Reformation: Martin Luther |
- protestantism - God's word is revealed only in scripture, not the traditions of the church - indulgences: a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins - Luther was troubled that many people believed they had no further need for repentance once they had purchased Indulgences - letter 95 theses on the Power of Indulgences
- intro of the printing press to translate the letter - Charles V Diet of Worms: assembly of the nobility, clergy, and cities of the holy ran empire and summoned Luther to disappear - expanded his ideas and letter even more - simpler personal religion based on faith, a return to the spirit of the early church - centrality of scriptures - clergy had to pay taxes and should not have special privileges appealed to the masses - Augsburg Confession: document of a formal set of Protestant beliefs |
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Witchcraft |
Became dangerous and sinister when the amedieval cheicj began to connect witches to activities of the devi, transforming witchcraft into a heresy that had to be wiped out
Burned or hanged
Usually confessed after torture: - setting allegiance to the devil - sabbats: feasting and dancing with the devil - evil incantations and special ointments and powders to hurt people animals and crops
Old women selling herbs etc and women in general selling herbs tec were primary victims
Of special concerns was that witches upset the social order Men hunted witches cause they caused temptation and disorder |
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The Reformation: 2 traditions regarding salvation in the 1500 |
- People can be saves by their faith in God and love him - through participation in its rituals particularly through the 7 sacraments |
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The Reformation: Secular interests |
- Popes used their spiritual powers to raise funds for their secular activities.
- The fiscal measures developed expanded the papacy's income and led to widespread abuse. - The church was failing to meet individual spiritual needs because of its remoteness from the day to day concerns of the average believer. - Priests, monks, and nuns, were profiting from their positions, exploiting people, and offering minimal moral leadership or religious guidance in return. |
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The Reformation: Anticlericalism |
- Secular interest concerns provokes hostility to the clergy (anticlericalism) and calls for reform. - The growing emphasis on ritual and standardized practises seemed irrelevant to people's personal quest for salvation. |
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The Reformation: The Northern Humanists |
- They were determined to probe early Christianity for the light it could throw on the origins and accuracy of current religious teachings to create more serious criticism of the church could flourish. |
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The Reformation: Erasmus |
- His book, The Praise of Folly, points out that Christianity itself is a kind of folly, a belief in things not seen. - He attacks against monks, the pope, meaningless ceremonies, and the many lapses from what he perceived to be the true Christian spirit. - At the heart of Erasmus work was the message that he called the philosophy of Christ. - He believed that the life of Jesus and especially his teachings in the Sermon on the Mount should be models for Christian piety and morality. |
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The Reformation: Lutheran Princes |
- Since the church lost all its property when reform was introduced princes could confiscate the rich holdings in their domains. - Lutheran princes announced their support of the Augsburg Confession. |
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The Reformation: war |
- Not until Luther's death did open war begin. - Charles won against the Lutherans but matters had advanced too far in their movement to collapse because of a single defeat. - By the 1550s Lutheranism had captured about half the population of the empire. |
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The Reformation: Zwingli and the Radicals |
- Zwingli based his ideas entirely on scripture and emphasized faith alone. - He thought that the church should play a large role in Christian religion. - Radical sects refused to recognize church organization, rejected priests, and liked individual belief. - Sometimes they went to the point of recognizing only personal communication with God and disregarding scripture. - They lived for God himself. |
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Calvinism |
all outcomes are predestined and nothing can be done to affect an individual's fate. |
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The Anglican Church |
- In England, which created its own version of the Protestant church, the role of the prince was crucial. |
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French civil wars |
motive: After the death of Henry II a power struggle between 3 noble families for the crown started
results: - throne remained in the fragile control of the Catholic Valois family - around half of nobles became Calvinists (Huguenots) - resurgence of feudal disorder - fighting between Catholics and Calvinists |
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St. Bartholomews Day Massacre |
Motive: marriage intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots
Results: - rioting occurred when leader Henry (Catholic) had a Huguenot leader murdered - Catherine Medici ordered the massacre of Catholics in response - massacre initiated the war of 3 henrys - civil war between Valois, Guise, and Bourbons (Huguenots) |
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30 years war |
- Failure of the Peace of Augsburg (gives German princes the right to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their states) results: - Germany population loss - Germany further divided by the decline of the Holy Roman Empire - ended the wars of religion - beginning of the rise of France as the dominant European power - balance of power emerged in Europe |
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English Civil War |
- struggle between the king and parliament regarding taxes and civil liberties - civil war: Cavaliers supported the king, Roundheads (Calvinists) opposed the king - Oliver Cromwell leader of the Roundheads led them to victory - King Charles I was beheaded by his own subjects |
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Agricultural Revolution |
- England - led to the industrial revolution - new patterns of crop rotation - new crops made ideal food for animals - more animals meant more meat and better diets, more fertilizer - farmers were producing more food - more food for growing urban populations - eliminated common rights and reducing the access of poor people to land created 2 developments: wealthy people who owned most of the land and pursued profit, landless proletariat who worked for the elite |
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Absolutism in Western Europe |
How Louis XIV centralized his power and control:
- didn't share his power with the parliament - French government rested on the social and political structure of him - installed his royal court used to awe subjects and visiting dignitaries - French became the language of polite society and diplomatic exchange - separated power from status and grandeur using court ceremonies, entertainment, spies, and informers to reduce the power of the nobility - councilors of the state came from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class and chose bourgeoisie officials because he wanted people to know by the rank of men who served him that he had no intention of sharing power with them - used art as propaganda for absolutism -evoked the Edict of Nantes: 1 king, 1 law, 1 faith
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Absolutism in Eastern Europe |
How Peter the Great centralized his power and control: - military power - every nobleman was required to serve in the army or civil administration - increased service requirements for commoners - used Baroque art, architecture, culture, music, and literature to glorify their power and magnificent, Baroque palaces intended to awe people with his strength - roads were radiated out from the palace, all roads were focused on him St. Petersburg: - buildings had to conform to detailed architectural regulations by the government - each social group was to live in a certain part |
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constitutionalism |
England and Holland evolved toward constitutionalism: the limitation of government by law implies balance between authority of government and rights of the subjects. - the state must govern according to the laws and people look on the laws as protectors of rights and liberties. - not fully democratic in that all people have the right to participate either directly or indirectly in the government of the state and therefore, democratic government is tied up with the franchise (the vote)
- decline of royal absolutism in England - English civil war - restoration of the English monarchy - English rejected the theory of the “divine right of kings” - England became a constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy
- Dutch Republic in the 17th century |
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Dutch Revolt |
- Spain tried to replace Calvinism with Catholicism - Dutch won and established the United Provinces which eventually lead to Holland and Dutch independence |
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Peace of Westphalia |
- ended the Religious Wars of the 1600’s especially the Thirty Years War, which was very destructive and killed hundreds of thousands.
- It established Codes of Conduct in war - ended religion as the focal point of politics and replaced it with nation states
- each nation state focused on itself |
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scientific method |
Science: top of civilization & progress Applied to all aspects of society Man: power to reason –develop ideas, solve problems Affects practical affairs: health, wealth, raw materials use, prod., transp., business, war, etc Aggravates some Science changed religion, God, man, & ideals of physical universe & belief in free & democratic ideals Knowledge replaces superstition Secularizes society-church loses more power Man believes he can run the universe |
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scientific revolution people fvgdg jrhdfcgx |
Copernicus: Sun center solar system & fixed stars & others revolve around it - heliocentric system (church and people thought Earth was centre) Kepler: 3 laws of planetary motion Newton: book, “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” one of the most important pieces in the history of modern science, 4 rules for arriving at knowledge, Galileo: He marked the beginning of a fundamental change in the study of motion, gravity law of falling bodies, his discoveries with the telescope revolutionized astronomy, had a willingness to stand up to the church to defend his findings which resulted in his death Bacon: proved gravity, created the scientific method through his book Descartes: discourse on method, mind and body are different things Charles Darwin: theory of evolution Vesalius: dissections, anatomy of body |
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the enlightenment |
“Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!” Many ideas came from scientific revolution Looked to expand Bacon, Descartes, & Bayle Natural law & right phil. Skeptical toward tradition Confident w/ reasoning Advancement & progress of society 1700 people split b/n moderns & ancients Moderns believed were better & more advanced (art, science, lit., inventions, etc.) People less superstitious –no more witchcraft scare |
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Enlightenment people |
Rational & empirical thought challenged traditional values & ideas Began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society & human institutions Voltaire: opposed absolutism, favoured freedom of thought, criticised traditional religion Diderot: critic of religion, wrote the encyclopedia Montesquie: criticized Catholic church, apply scientific method to government, |
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Congress of Vienna |
An international conference met for an occasion for serious deliberations and ceremonies centered on the monarchs of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and dozens of lesser states. The business of the Congress remained the responsibilities of Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and France. |
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Napoleonic Era |
Napoleon's centralization of political power: Bonaparte eliminated local elections, each department was now administered by a prefect appointed by the ruler, severely limited local autonomy, suppression of independent political activity, permitted no organized opposition, reduced the number of newspapers and censored the remaining ones, church remained under the control of the state, bishops nominated by the ruler. Continental System: Napoleon launched this to prohibit British trade with all French allies. Civil Code of 1804 (known as the Napoleonic code)that took away all privileges based on birth, and established equality before the law. Napoleon defeated in his invasion of Russia: Napoleon's objective was to destroy Russia's army or at least conquer Moscow and chase the army to the point of disorder. They found Moscow deserted, cold, and depleted of needed supplies. He ordered a retreat too late. As they were heading back to France supplies were scarce. Small groups separated to find these things and got killed by Russians. Much less army came back than left. Napoleon's final defeat: The French had lost confidence in him, compulsory enlistment for state service had reached its limits, and no popular resistance to invasion developed. He surrendered and the emperor's resignation ended it officially. |
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French Revolution |
Origins Cultural climate: Fears of uneducated masses and that only educated and propertied elites should rule society. Only the elites should be more enlightened. Role of class conflict: The bourgeoisie or middle class had been gaining wealth during the 18th century and resented the privileges of the nobility which created obstacles to their goal. They led the revolution in order to change the political and social systems in their self interest. Results of The French Revolution: The revolutionary government had 2 major goals. First to surmount a crisis and steer the Republic to victory. Second to democratize France's political and social fabric. Only the first goal won widespread adherence. |
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War of Spanish Succession |
The Austrians, the Dutch, and English allies formally declared war against France and its allies. Caused by conflicting claims to the Spanish throne after the death of the childless King Charles II. The accession to the Spanish throne of Philip V, grandson of King Louis XIV of France, antagonized England and Holland, which were in growing competition with France. |
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the progress of industrialization - coal, iron, steam engine, railroads |
- coal made into iron turned into better cannons and steam engines - steam engines were used in factories, this solved the issue of their lack of power sources - railroads and locomotives used a lot of coal and iron, they brought manufactured products to consumers |
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the progress of industrialization - Napoleonic Code and French Revolution |
it aided in the industrialization of France by the Napoleonic Code and French commercial law that favoured free contracts, an open marketplace |
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Why was Eastern Europe slower to industrialize |
- lack of capital - mostly agrarian workers - land of natural resources/poor land - Easter Europe should industrialize on their own by the Russian Model |
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Industrial Revolution |
started in Britain then the rest of Europe WHY Britain? navy, bank, constitutional monarchy, enclosure movement, more movement to industrial areas, overseas trade, resources, increased food supply, economic classical liberalism agrarian and domestic production to mechanization and factory system capitalism increased standard of living (more life costs) mass production and consumption urbanization labour exploitation collapse of family structure creation of welfare state formation of labour unions mostly people went up from =lower class to middle class |
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life in the merging urban society |
poverty lack of medical knowledge overcrowding infection increase in population |
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utopianism socialism and Marxism |
utopian socialism: an ideal society would make everyone happy and rich, they don't want radical change but improve capitalism by removing its evils Marxism: everything with gov involvement |
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modern liberalism |
government intervention used to moderate class differences and maintain a certain standard of living at the same time guarantee individual and political rights and freedoms welfare state/capitalism: combo of capitalism and government to protect workers and provide a safety net |
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classical conservativism |
status quo stay with past times authority - wealthy and upper class only in government order of society tradition unskilled labour due to need for more employees aristocrats had declining power Edmund Burke: authority and tradition |
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chartism |
huge workers movement to extend political democracy it failed to define a program that could mobilize workers struggling for survival or to stir the consciences of those in power |
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national unification: Germany and Italy |
the final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops following France’s defeat in the France-Prussian War German nationalists focused on Austria andPrussia as the only two states powerful enough to dominate German affairs Prussianleadership of German unification meant that the triumph of authoritarian anddangerous militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in thedevelopment of a new German state |
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reactions and reforms |
France revolutions: Charles X issued the July ordinances which pulled back many liberal reforms and made the French mad, Charles steps down and Louis Phillipe stepped up and created a new french monarchy, revolutions of 1848: Louis Philipe was unwilling to fight poor economic conditions which made the french mad again which caused him to make a new constitution creating a second republic Tsar Nicholas Russia: revolution led him to issue the October manifesto - granting civil liberties and creating a legislative assembly |
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Giuseppe Mazzini |
established the Roman Republic in 1849. The failureof Italian revolutionaries to work together effectively resulted in Austria andFrance forcefully taking back control over Italy. |
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Realpolitik |
Failure ofthe Revolutions of 1848 for liberals and romantics demonstrated that strongidealism was not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals “ageof Realism” replaced Romanticism as the dominant philosophy after 1850 Realpolitik: theaccomplishing of one’s political goals via practical means (rather than havingidealism drive political decisions) Anew political era emerged where nationalist goals were achieved step-by-step inMachiavellian fashion (German unification, Italian unification) |
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concert of Europe |
Itscredibility was undermined by failure of the Great Powers to cooperate duringrevolutions of 1848-49. the breakdown of the Concert of Europe opened the way for the Italians and the germans to establish national states Concert of Europe was unable to survive (an agreement by various Great Powers Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia to put down any future revolutions through military force, an attempt to preserve the balance of power) |
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dual monarcy |
Austria’sdefeat by Germany in 1866 weakened its grip on power and forced it to make acompromise and establish the so-called dual monarchy. |
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Otto Van Bismarck |
Otto von Bismarck (1810-1898) led the drive for aPrussian-based Hohenzollern Germany |
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Berlin Conference |
A. BerlinConference,1884-85: established the "rules" for the conquest of Africa |
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imperialism |
the control of one people by another (can be political,economic or cultural) Old Imperialism: age of exploration, mutually beneficial, tradingstations New Imperialism: domination, racism, power colonized Asia and Africa by using military force totake control of local governments Exploiting local economies for raw materials required by Europe’sgrowing industry Imposing Western values to benefit the “backwards” colonies. |
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start of WW1 |
Austria declared war on Serbia - they claimed Serbia had not accommodated adequately Austria’s demands Austria began bombarding Serbia. This represented the first military aggression of the war. In response, Russia mobilized its armies against Austria and Germany. Germany declared war on France. Germany invaded Belgium (on its way to France). In effect, Germany turned the little localized war in the Balkans into a world war by attacking Belgium and France. In response, France declared war on Germany. Britain declared war on Germany. 2 opposing alliances emerged: Central Powers - Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, (also Bulgaria) Allies (Triple Entente): Britain, France, and Russia (later, Japan, Italy, Romania, and the US) |
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WWI and industrialization |
World War I represented the industrial revolution applied to warfare machine guns tanks barbed wire airplanes poison gas submarines |
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end of WW1 |
Germany and Austria-Hungary were wracked with revolution. Austria-Hungary surrendered Germany agreed to stop fighting Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate and fled to Holland. The central powers weakened and Germany lost land, power, money, and got the blame League of Nations created - Germany and Russia were not included which weakened the League from the outset - massive casualties - The war promoted greater social equality, thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and poor - a group, usually minorities, realize that they are being treated unfairly and band together to fight injustice increased as the ware continued - end to long standing royal dynasties - creation of the new states of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Yugoslavia - West and East Germany was created |
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Versailles Treaty |
To Germans (Weimar Republic) the Versailles Treaty represented a harsh, dictated peace, to be revised or repudiated as soon as possible France was most eager to punish Germany Britain believed a healthy German economy was essential to a healthy British economy. John Maynard Keynes criticized it declaring its punishing of Germany would damage the European economy |
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totalitarianism |
Dictatorship that tried to control every aspect of the lives of the people. |
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why did Germany lose WWII |
Three-front war: Russia, France and Italy Eventually, Germany began running out of soldiers Allowed Britain to remain intact after the Battle ofBritain Invasion of the Soviet Union Hitler’s declaration of war against the U.S.immediately after Pearl Harbor guaranteed the U.S.and Britain would focus first on Germany beforedefeating Japan Industrial capacity not equal to Allies Grand Alliance proved overwhelming - Included U.S., Britain, Russia and over 40 othercountries - Alliance worked together to achieve “unconditionalsurrender” for Germany |
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fascism |
far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy |
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Russian revolution |
kytf |
