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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capitalism |
When individuals own the factors of production, land, labor, and capital (for profit) |
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Amsterdam |
Financial center in the 17th century after the successful Dutch revolt against Spain |
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Hanseatic league |
German states that eventually controlled trade in much of northern europe, the league was a mercantile association of numerous cities |
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Chartered companies |
States provided monopolies to certain companies, the companies became the country itself's trade company |
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Joint-stock company |
Investors pooled resources for a common purpose, early example of capitalism |
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Enclosure movement |
Wealthy landowners fenced their lands to improve sheep herding and thus the supply of wool increased |
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New consumer goods |
Sugar was the most important Sugar production resulted in an enormous slave trade in the Atlantic |
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Mercantilism |
Nation's desire to be self-sufficient by creating a favorable balance of trade where more goods are exported than imported |
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Bullionism |
A country should acquire as much gold and silver as possible |
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Price Revolution |
prices in the 16th century rose gradually the rising population=increased demand for goods thereby increasing prices influx of gold and silver from new world inflation stimulated production middle class acquired much of its wealth form trading and manufacturing; social and political status increased |
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Golden age of the Netherlands |
first half of the 17th century (1600's) developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to proomote trade and to protect traditional rights |
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stadholder |
governor/military leader of each dutch province (7 provinces) |
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Dutch and religious toleration |
Calvinism was the dominant religion Catholics and Jews also had religious toleratin but less rights religious toleration enabled the Netherlands to foster a promotion of trade |
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The greatest mercantile nation in the 17th century |
The Netherlands, because of innovations in banking (double entry book keeping) bank of Amsterdam was the first central bank in european history and offered low interest rates |
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Major industries of the Netherlands |
fish was most important, textiles, furniture, fine woolen goods, sugar refining, tobacco cutting, brewing, pottery, glass, printing, paper making, weapon manufacturing and ship building dutch relied on commerce since they had no natural resources |
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Decline of Dutch economy |
England's removal of the Dutch from new york reduced its atlantic power war with england and france damaged the country (flooded their cities) |
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Dutch art style |
human centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation was encouraged through the patronage of both princes and commercial elites did not share the baroque style of trying to overwhelm the viewer reflected Dutch wealth and religious toleration of secular subjects |
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Rembrandt van rijn |
painter perhaps the greatest of all Baroque-era artists used extremes of light and dark in the Baroque style: tenebrism more psychological and intense that typical baroque art painted with restraint of the classicist style |
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jan vermeer |
paintings specialized in simple domestic interior master use of light |
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frans hals |
painted portraits of middle class people and militia companies |
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Constitutionalism |
government power is limited by law, delicate balance between power of the government and the rights and liberties of the individual |
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James I |
Ruled after Elizabeth James VI of Scotland Believed in divine right Twice dissolved parliament over tax issues |
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Charles I |
Ruled after James I Claimed divine right and sought to rule without parliament sought to control the church of england Tax issues pitted him against parliament and quartered soldiers in homes to save money |
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Petition of Right |
happened during Charles I reign parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases Provisions: Only parliament could control taxes no one should be imprisoned without due process law everyone has a right to a trial no forced quartering martial law could not be declared in peacetime |
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Thorough |
period of time where Charles I ruled without parliament for 11 years raised money using medieval ways ship money- all counties were required to pay for ships religious persecution of Puritans became the biggest reason for the English Civil War |
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Short Parliament |
Charles I reign Scottish military revolt occured when Charles attempted to impose the English Book of Prayer on the Scottish Presbyterian church Charles needed money form parliament but they said no, so charles dissolved parliament after a month |
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Long Parliament |
Charles I reign he was desperate for money to fight the Scottish invaders so he agreed to the Perition of Rights Provisions: Parliament could not be dissolved without their consent they had to meet at least every 3 years ship money banned star chamber banned common law courts were supreme to the king's Puritans supported parliament against the kings anglican supporters |
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English Civil War |
caused when Charles I tried to arrest Puritan members of parliament but a crowd of 4,000 came to support parliament cavaliers supported the king (consisted of clergy and supporters of the anglican church, majority of the old gentry) Roundheads opposed the king (were largely puritans and prebyterians, allied with Scotland, comprised a majority of businessmen, had support of the navy and the mercahnt maritime) |
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Oliver Cromwell |
fiercely puritan independent and military leader of the roundheads, led his new model army to victory |
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Rump parliament (pride's purge) |
in response to Cromwell's new model army, parliament removed all non-puritans and presbyterians from parliament leaving 1/5 of the members remaining, beheaded charles I (first english king to be beheaded) |
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Interregnum (under Cromwell) |
rule without a king commonwealth: a republic that abolished the monarchy england became a military state with an army of 44,000 |
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the Protectorate |
oliver cromwell declared himself the lord protector (in effect, a puritan dictatorship was created) dissolved rump parliament and divided england into 12 provinces, denied religious freedom to anglicans and catholics, but allowed jews in Puritan controlled government sought to regulate moral life of english people, by making them follow strict codes enforced by the army |
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Cromwell's death |
his son Richard was ineffective as his successor and the stuarts under Charles II and James II restored to thee throne |
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Charles II (merry monarch) |
Cavalier parliament restored Charles II to the throne, Charles II agreed to the post-war settlement parliament was stronger in relation to the king gave religious toleration |
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Political parties |
whigs- initially they were anti-catholic and opposed James II (a catholic) from inheriting the throne later they were composed of the wealthy middle class and puritans who favored parliament and religious toleration, they were more liberal Tories- initially supported James II as king composed of nobles, gentry, and anglicans who supported the monarchy over parliament essentially conservative |
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Clarendon Code |
instituted by monarchists and anglicans who sought to drive all puritans out of both political and religious life |
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Test Act |
excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the church of england form voting, holding offie, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings |
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Habeas Corpus Act |
The Whig Parliament passed this act that enabled judges to demand prisoners to be in court during trials required reasonable cause for imprisonment speedy trials forbade double jeopardy |
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James II |
Brother of Charles II inherited throne after him sought to return england to catholicism appointed many catholics to high positions in government and in colleges |
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Glorious Revolution |
James II reign final act in the struggle for political sovereignty in england James reissued the declaration of indulgence (granting freedom of worship of catholics) and his demand that the declaration be read in the anglican church on two successive sundays birth of a catholic heir to the english throne Parliament invited William of Orange and his wife to invade England and kick James II out |
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Bill of Rights |
William III and Mary II established parliamentary sovereignty became hallmark of constitutionalism provisions: monarch couldnt be roman catholic laws could be made only with parliament consent parliament had free speech standing army was illegal unless parliament approved taxation was illegal without parliament approval crual and unusual punishment banned right to jury and trial right to bear arms could only be dissolved with consent people had the right to petition |
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Toleration Act |
under William and Mary reign granted the right to worship for protestant non-conformists (puritans and quakers) although they could not hold office did not extend religous liberties to catholics, jews, or unitarians |
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Act of Settlement |
William and Mary reign if king william or his sister in law, anne, died without children, the crown would pass to the granddaughter of JamesI, the hanoverian electress dowager or to her protestant heirs stuarts were no longer in line of succession When anne died the crown went the george I (hanoverian heri) |
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Act of Union |
united england and scotland into great britain scotland gave up independence because they desired access to englands trade empire , because of this, scotland transformed into a modern society with economic growth |
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cabinet system |
prime minister, a member of the majority was the leader of the goverment |
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robert walpole |
viewed as the first prime minister in british history |
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early hanoverian kings |
George I
George II neither king spoke english fluently and seemed more concern with their territory in hanover |
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Absolutism |
king has absolute rule |
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characteristics of western european absolutism |
sovereignty of a country was embodied in the ruler absolute monarchs were not subordinate to national assemblies nobility was effectively brought under control bureaucracies were often composed of career officials appointed by and solely accountable to the king french and spanish monarchies gained effective control of the roman catholic church maintained large peace armies rulers employed secret police to weaken nobles |
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jean bodin |
among the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government |
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Thomas Hobbes |
Leviathan he articulated a pessimistic view of human beings in a state of nature solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short stated political sovereignty is derived from the people who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract his ideas justified absolute monarchy but not divine right |
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Bishop Jacques- Benigne Bossuet |
He was the principle advocate of divine right of kings in france during the reign of Louic XIV |
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The three estates in france |
first estate= clergy 1% of pop second estate= nobility 3-4% of pop third estare= bourgeoisie 95% of pop |
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Henry IV |
laid foundation for france becoming the stongest european power in the 17th century first bourbon king weakened old nobility, strengthed new nobility |
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Duke of sully |
new noble his reforms enhanced the power of the monarchy he increased the role of the state in the economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade reduced the royal debt reformed the tax system oversaw transportation |
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Louis XIII |
Ruler after Henry IV reign (henry was assassinated) as a youth his regency was beset by corruption and mismanagement feudal nobles increased their power certain nobles convinced him to assume power and exile his mother |
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cardinal richelieu |
laid the foundation for absolutism in france he was a politique intendant system and peace of alais |
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Louis XIV |
quintessential absolute ruler in european history personified the idea that the sovereignty of the state resides in the ruler believer in divine right france became the undisputed power in europe french culture dominated europe the french language became the international language |
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corvee |
forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects |
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Treaty of Utrecht |
most important treaty between the treaty of westphalia and the treaty of paris maintained a balance of power in europe ended the expansion of louis XIV spanish possessions were split between other countries britain got most of it |
